Substituted piperidines as somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) antagonists

ABSTRACT

This invention is concerned with compounds of the formula 
                         
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, to a process for their preparation and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5.

PRIORITY TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/834,184, filed Aug. 6, 2007 now pending, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 06118923.9, filed Aug. 15, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is concerned with novel phenyl, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, naphthyridine and pyrazine derivatives, their manufacture, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use as medicaments. The active compounds of the present invention are useful in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes mellitus and other disorders.

In particular, the present invention is concerned with compounds of the general formula I

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The compounds of formula I possess pharmaceutical activity, in particular they are modulators of somatostatine receptor activity. More particularly, the compounds are antagonists of the somatostatine receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5).

All documents cited or relied upon below are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease characterized by metabolic disorders involving insulin, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and disorders in the structure and function of blood vessels. The primary symptom of acute diabetes is hyperglycemia, often accompanied by glucosuria, the presence in urine of large amounts of glucose, and polyuria, the excretion of large volumes of urine. Additional symptoms arise in chronic diabetes, including degeneration of the walls of blood vessels. Although many different human organs are affected by these vascular changes, the eyes and kidneys appear to be the most susceptible. As such, long-standing diabetes mellitus, even when treated with insulin, is a leading cause of blindness.

There are three recognized types of diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is typically of juvenile onset; ketosis develops early in life with much more severe symptoms and has a near-certain prospect of later vascular involvement. Control of Type I diabetes is difficult and requires exogenous insulin administration. Type II diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is ketosis-resistant, generally develops later in life, is milder and has a more gradual onset. Gestational diabetes is related to type II diabetes and associated with an increased risk of later development of that disease. Type III diabetes is malnutrition-related diabetes.

NIDDM is a condition that poses a major threat to the health of the citizens of the western world. NIDDM accounts for over 85% of diabetes incidence worldwide and about 160 million people are suffering from NIDDM. The incidence is expected to increase considerably within the next decades, especially in developing countries. NIDDM is associated with morbidity and premature mortality resulting from serious complications, e.g., cardiovascular disease (G. C. Weir and J. L. Leahy, Pathogenesis of non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes mellitus, in Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus (Eds. C. R. Kahn and G. C. Weir), 13^(th) Edition, 1994, Lea & Febiger, Malvern, Pa., pp. 240-264). NIDDM is characterized by both fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia resulting from abnormalities in insulin secretion and insulin action (G. C. Weir et al., vide supra).

The hyperglycemia in patients suffering from NIDDM can usually be initially treated by dieting, but eventually most NIDDM patients have to take oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin injections to normalize their blood glucose levels. The introduction of orally effective hypoglycemic agents was an important development in the treatment of hyperglycemia by lowering blood glucose levels. Currently, the most widely used oral antidiabetic agents are the sulfonylureas, which act by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas (H. E. Lebovitz, Oral antidiabetic agents, in Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus (Eds. C. R. Kahn and G. C. Weir), 13^(th) Edition, 1994, Lea & Febiger, Malvern, Pa., pp. 508-529), the biguanides (e.g., metformin) which act on the liver and periphery by unknown mechanisms (C. J. Bailey, M. R. C. Path and R. C. Turner N. Engl. J. Med. 1996, 334, 574-579) and the thiazolidinediones (e.g., rosiglitazone/Avandia®), which enhance the effects of insulin at peripheral target sites (G. L. Plosker and D. Faulds Drugs 1999, 57, 409-438). These existing therapies which comprise a wide variety of biguanide, sulfonylurea and thiazolidinedione derivatives have been used clinically as hypoglycemic agents. However, all three classes of compound have side effects. The biguanides, for example metformin, are unspecific and in certain cases have been associated with lactic acidosis, and need to be given over a longer period of time, i.e. they are not suitable for acute administration (C. J. Bailey et al., vide supra). The sulfonylureas, though having good hypoglycemic activity, require great care during use because they frequently cause serious hypoglycemia and are most effective over a period of circa ten years. The thiazolidinediones may cause weight gain following chronic administration (G. L. Plosker and D. Faulds, vide supra) and troglitazone has been associated with the occurrence of serious hepatic dysfunction.

Thus, there is a significant and rising need for antidiabetic drugs that have novel mechanisms of action, thereby avoiding side effects produced by known therapies. The hormone somatostatin (SST) is primarily produced in the intestinal tract and in the pancreas. In addition it acts as a neurotransmitter. The hormone is involved through its receptors in the regulation of several other hormones and in immunoregulation. In particular, SST suppresses the secretion of insulin by pancreatic β cells and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) by L cells. GLP-1 in turn is one of the most potent stimulators of insulin production and secretion and is a trophic factor for β cells. β and L cells express SST receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) and agonizing this receptor suppresses insulin and GLP-1 secretion in humans and in animal models (e.g., Y. Zambre, Z. Ling, M.-C. Chen, X. Hou, C.-W. Woon, M. Culler, J. E. Taylor, D. H. Coy, C. van Schravendijk, F. Schuit, D. G. Pipeleers and D. L. Eizirik Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999, 57, 1159-1164; S. P. Fagan, A. Azizzadeh, S. Moldovan, M. K. Ray, T. E. Adrian, X. Ding, D. H. Coy and F. C. Brunicardi Surgery 1998, 124, 254-258; M. Norman, S. Moldovan, V. Seghers, X.-P. Wang, F. J. DeMayo and F. C. Brunicardi Ann. Surg. 2002, 235, 767-774; T. A. Tirone, M. A. Norman, S. Moldovan, F. J. DeMayo, X.-P. Wang and F. C. Brunicardi Pancreas 2003, 26, e67-73; M. Z. Strowski, M. Köhler, H. Y. Chen, M. E. Trumbauer, Z. Li, D. Szalkowski, S. Gopal-Truter, J. K. Fisher, J. M. Schaeffer, A. D. Blake, B. B. Zhang and H. A. Wilkinson Mol. Endocrinol. 2003, 17, 93-106).

Consequently, antagonizing the effect of SST would lead to higher plasma insulin concentrations. In patients suffering from impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM, a higher plasma insulin concentration would moderate the dangerous hyperglycemia and accordingly reduce the risk of tissue damage. If such SSTR5 antagonists are sufficiently selective over the other four SST receptors, little influence is expected on secretion of other hormones. Particularly, selectivity over SST receptor subtype 2 avoids influences on glucagon secretion (K. Cejvan, D. H. Coy and S. Efendic Diabetes 2003, 52, 1176-1181; M. Z. Strowski, R. M. Parmar, A. D. Blake and J. M. Schaeffer Endocrinology 2000, 141, 111-117). Advantageous over established therapies is the dual mechanism of action to increase insulin secretion: directly on pancreatic β cells and indirectly through GLP-1 release from L cells. Additionally, SSTR5 knockout mice demonstrated higher insulin sensitivity than littermates (M. Z. Strowski, M. Köhler et al., vide supra). Therefore, SSTR5 antagonists could have the potential to beneficially influence insulin resistance in patients with NIDDM. In summary, SSTR5 antagonists are expected to beneficially influence NIDDM, the underlying impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as complications of long-standing, insufficiently controlled diabetes mellitus.

GLP-1 is known as an endogenous regulator of gastrointestinal motility and of food intake reducing appetite as shown in laboratory animals, healthy volunteers and patients with NIDDM (E. Näslund, B. Barkeling, N. King, M. Gutniak, J. E. Blundell, J. J. Holst, S. Rössner and P. M. Hellström Int. J. Obes. 1999, 23, 304-311; J.-P. Gutzwiller, B. Göke, J. Drewe, P. Hildebrand, S. Ketterer, D. Handschin, R. Winterhalder, D. Conen and C. Beglinger Gut 1999, 44, 81-88; J.-P. Gutzwiller, J. Drewe, B. Göke, H. Schmidt, B. Rohrer, J. Lareida and C. Beglinger Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 276, R1541-1544; M. D. Turton, D. O'Shea, I. Gunn, S. A. Beak, C. M. Edwards, K. Meeran, S. J. Choi, G. M. Taylor, M. M. Heath, P. D. Lambert, J. P. Wilding, D. M. Smith, M. A. Ghatei, J. Herbert and S. R. Bloom Nature 1996, 379, 69-72; A. Flint, A. Raben, A. Astrup and J. J. Holst J. Clin. Invest. 1998, 101, 515-520; M. B. Toft-Nielsen, S. Madsbad and J. J. Holst Diabetes Care 1999, 22, 1137-1143; P. K. Cheikani, A. C. Haver and R. D. Reidelberger Am. J. Physiol. 2005, 288, R1695-R1706; T. Miki, K. Minami, H. Shinozaki, K. Matsumura, A. Saraya, H. Ikeda, Y. Yamada, J. J. Hoist and S. Seino Diabetes 2005, 54, 1056-1063); thus, elevated GLP-1 will also counteract obesity, a typical condition associated with and leading to NIDDM.

GLP-1 is co-secreted with GLP-2 that is, consequently, also regulated by SST through SSTR5 (L. Hansen, B. Hartmann, T. Bisgaard, H. Mineo, P. N. Jørgensen and J. J. Hoist Am. J. Phys. 2000, 278, E1010-1018). GLP-2 is enterotrophic and beneficial in patients with malabsorption of certain origins, such as short bowel syndrome (D. G. Burrin, B. Stoll and X. Guan Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2003, 24, 103-122; K. V. Haderslev, P. B. Jeppesen, B. Hartmann, J. Thulesen, H. A. Sorensen, J. Graff, B. S. Hansen, F. Tofteng, S. S. Poulsen, J. L. Madsen, J. J. Hoist, M. Staun and P. B. Mortensen Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 37, 392-398; P. B. Jeppesen J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 3721-3724).

Moreover, there is increasing evidence for a role of SST on immune cells and expression of SSTR5 on activated T lymphocytes (T. Talme, J. Ivanoff, M. Hägglund, R. J. J. van Neerven, A. Ivanoff and K. G. Sundqvist Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2001, 125, 71-79; D. Ferone, P. M. van Hagen, C. Semino, V. A. Dalm, A. Barreca, A. Colao, S. W. J. Lamberts, F. Minuto and L. J. Hofland Dig. Liver Dis. 2004, 36, S68-77; C. E. Ghamrawy, C. Rabourdin-Combe and S. Krantic Peptides 1999, 20, 305-311). Consequently, SSTR5 antagonists could also prove valuable in treating diseases characterized by a disturbed immune system, such as inflammatory bowel disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment of the present invention, provided is a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   A is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkoxy     and halogen; -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₇-alkyl,     C₂₋₇-alkenyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, and     benzyl; -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₂₋₇-alkenyloxy, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —O—C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, halogen,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —C(O)OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is     C₁₋₇-alkyl, amino, pyrrolyl, unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl     substituted by one to three groups independently selected from     C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and C₁₋₇-alkoxy; -   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, amino, nitro, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, and —O-benzyl; -   or R³ and R⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with     the carbon atoms they are attached to and R³ and R⁴ together are     —O—C(CH₃)₂—CH═CH—; -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and     C₁₋₇-alkoxy; -   G is selected from the groups

wherein

-   R⁷ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ independently from each other are hydrogen or     —NH—C(O)—R²⁵, wherein R²⁵ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is     hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1     and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and     heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and -   —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; or -   or R⁸ and R⁹ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with     the carbon atoms they are attached to and R⁸ and R⁹ together are     —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—; -   R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen and amino; -   R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl,     benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl,     hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, cyano-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is     selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹,     wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —S(O)₂—R³³, wherein R³³     is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —O—S(O)₂—R³⁴, wherein R³⁴ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, and     —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from     pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring     being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy,     carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl; -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, —COOR³⁵,     wherein R³⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano,     halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; -   R¹⁷ is carbamoyl or —COOR³², wherein R³² is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁹ is hydrogen or halogen; -   R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl and halogen; -   R²¹, R²² and R²³ independently from each other are hydrogen or     halogen; -   R²⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl;     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a process for the manufacture of compounds according to formula I, comprising the steps of:

a) reacting a compound of the general formula G-X  II wherein G is as defined above and G is a leaving group, with a compound of the formula

wherein A and R¹ to R⁵ are as defined above, to obtain a compound of the formula

and, if desired, converting the compound of formula I into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; or, alternatively, b) reacting a compound of the general formula

wherein G is as defined above, with an aldehyde of the formula

wherein A and R¹ to R⁵ are as defined above, by employing a reducing agent to obtain a compound of the formula

and, if desired, converting the compound of formula I into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, provided is a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to formula I as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or adjuvant.

In a yet another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a method for the treatment of diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5, comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to formula I to a human being or animal in need thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are selective, directly acting SSTR5 antagonists. Such antagonists are useful as therapeutically active substances, particularly in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5.

In the present description the term “alkyl”, alone or in combination with other groups, refers to a branched or straight-chain monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical of one to twenty carbon atoms, preferably one to sixteen carbon atoms, more preferably one to ten carbon atoms.

The term “lower alkyl” or “C₁₋₇-alkyl”, alone or in combination, signifies a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably a straight or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of straight-chain and branched C₁-C₇-alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, the isomeric pentyls, the isomeric hexyls and the isomeric heptyls, preferably methyl, ethyl and isopropyl, and most preferred the groups specifically exemplified herein.

The term “lower alkenyl” or “C₂₋₇-alkenyl”, alone or in combination, signifies a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon residue comprising an olefinic bond and up to 7, preferably up to 6, particularly preferred up to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl groups are ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl and isobutenyl. A preferred example is 2-propenyl(allyl).

The term “cycloalkyl” or “C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl” refers to a monovalent carbocyclic radical of three to seven, preferably three to five carbon atoms. This term is further exemplified by radicals such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl, with cyclobutyl being especially preferred.

The term “alkoxy” refers to the group R′—O—, wherein R′ is alkyl. The term “lower alkoxy” or “C₁₋₇-alkoxy” refers to the group R′—O—, wherein R′ is lower alkyl and the term “lower alkyl” has the previously given significance. Examples of lower alkoxy groups are e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy and tert-butoxy, preferably methoxy and ethoxy and most preferred the groups specifically exemplified herein.

The term “lower alkoxyalkyl” or “C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl” refers to lower alkyl groups as defined above wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the lower alkyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group as defined above. Among the preferred lower alkoxyalkyl groups are methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl and ethoxymethyl.

The term “lower alkoxyalkoxy” or “C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy” refers to lower alkoxy groups as defined above wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the lower alkoxy group is replaced by an alkoxy group as defined above. Among the preferred lower alkoxyalkoxy groups are 2-methoxy-ethoxy and 3-methoxy-propoxy.

The term “halogen” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, with fluorine, chlorine and bromine being preferred.

The term “lower halogenalkyl” or “halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl” refers to lower alkyl groups as defined above wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the lower alkyl group is replaced by a halogen atom, preferably fluoro or chloro, most preferably fluoro. Among the preferred halogenated lower alkyl groups are trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, fluoromethyl and chloromethyl, with trifluoromethyl and difluoroethyl being especially preferred.

The term “lower halogenalkoxy” or “halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy” refers to lower alkoxy groups as defined above wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the lower alkoxy group is replaced by a halogen atom, preferably fluoro or chloro, most preferably fluoro. Among the preferred halogenated lower alkyl groups are trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, fluoromethoxy and chloromethoxy, with trifluoromethoxy being especially preferred.

The term “lower hydroxyalkyl” or “hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl” refers to lower alkyl groups as defined above wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the lower alkyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group. Examples of lower hydroxyalkyl groups are hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl, but also groups having two hydroxy groups such as 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propyl.

The term “lower hydroxyalkoxy” or “hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy” refers to lower alkoxy groups as defined above wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the lower alkoxy group is replaced by a hydroxy group. Examples of lower hydroxyalkoxy groups are hydroxymethoxy or hydroxyethoxy, but also dihydroxyalkoxy groups such as 2,3-dihydroxy-propyl-1-oxy.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic 5- or 6-membered ring which can comprise one, two or three atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulphur. Examples of heteroaryl groups are furyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, tetrazolyl, pentazolyl, or pyrrolyl. The heteroaryl group can optionally be mono- or disubstituted by lower alkyl. The term “heteroaryl” also includes bicyclic aromatic moieties having 9 to 10 ring atoms with 1 to 3 heteroatoms such as benzofuranyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, and benzothienyl. Preferred heteroaryl groups are isoxazolyl, tetrazolyl and benzoimidazolyl which groups can optionally be mono- or disubstituted by lower alkyl. Especially preferred is isoxazolyl which can optionally be substituted by lower alkyl.

The term “heterocyclyl” in general refers to a saturated or partly unsaturated ring which can comprise one, two or three atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulphur. Examples of heterocyclyl rings include aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyridyl, azepinyl, piperazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, thiadiazolylidinyl, dihydrofuryl, tetrahydrofuryl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl and thiomorpholinyl. Preferred heterocyclyl groups are pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl.

The term “lower alkanoyl” refers to the group —CO—R′, wherein R′ is lower alkyl and the term “lower alkyl” has the previously given significance. Preferred is a group —CO—R′, wherein R′ is methyl, meaning an acetyl group.

The term “carbamoyl” refers to the group —CO—NH₂.

The term “carboxy” refers to the group —COOH.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases or free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. The salts are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, preferably hydrochloric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxylic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, N-acetylcystein and the like. In addition these salts may be prepared form addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from an inorganic base include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium salts and the like. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, lysine, arginine, N-ethylpiperidine, piperidine, polymine resins and the like. The compound of formula I can also be present in the form of zwitterions. Particularly preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula I are the hydrochloride salts.

The compounds of formula I can also be solvated, e.g., hydrated. The solvation can be effected in the course of the manufacturing process or can take place e.g. as a consequence of hygroscopic properties of an initially anhydrous compound of formula I (hydration). The term pharmaceutically acceptable salts also includes physiologically acceptable solvates.

“Isomers” are compounds that have identical molecular formulae but that differ in the nature or the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers”, and stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images are termed “enantiomers”, or sometimes optical isomers. A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a “chiral center”.

In detail, the present invention relates to compounds of the general formula I

wherein

-   A is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkoxy     and halogen; -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₇-alkyl,     C₂₋₇-alkenyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, and     benzyl; -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₂₋₇-alkenyloxy, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —O—C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, halogen,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —C(O)OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is     C₁₋₇-alkyl, amino, pyrrolyl, unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl     substituted by one to three groups independently selected from     C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and C₁₋₇-alkoxy; -   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, amino, nitro, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, and —O-benzyl; -   or R³ and R⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with     the carbon atoms they are attached to and R³ and R⁴ together are     —O—C(CH₃)₂—CH═CH—; -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and     C₁₋₇-alkoxy; -   G is selected from the groups

wherein

-   R⁷ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ independently from each other are hydrogen or     —NH—C(O)—R²⁵, wherein R²⁵ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is     hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1     and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and     heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and -   —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; or -   or R⁸ and R⁹ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with     the carbon atoms they are attached to and R⁸ and R⁹ together are     —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—; -   R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen and amino; -   R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl,     benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl,     hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, cyano-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is     selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹,     wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —S(O)₂—R³³, wherein R³³     is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —OS(O)₂—R³⁴, wherein R³⁴ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, and     —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from     pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring     being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy,     carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl; -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, —COOR³⁵,     wherein R³⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano,     halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; -   R¹⁷ is carbamoyl or —COOR³², wherein R³² is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁹ is hydrogen or halogen; -   R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl and halogen; -   R²¹, R²² and R²³ independently from each other are hydrogen or     halogen; -   R²⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl;     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Preferred compounds of formula I of the present invention are also those, wherein A is O.

Also preferred are compounds of formula I, wherein A is NH.

Furthermore, compounds of formula I according to the present invention are preferred, wherein R¹ is hydrogen.

Also preferred are compounds of formula I according to the invention, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₇-alkyl, C₂₋₇-alkenyl and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl. Especially preferred are those compounds of formula I, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, allyl, 2-fluoroethyl, butyl and isobutyl, with those compounds, wherein R² is ethyl or isopropyl, being most preferred.

Further preferred compounds of formula I according to the present invention are those, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —C(O)OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, amino and pyrrolyl. More preferred are those compounds of formula I, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkoxy and halogen, with those compounds, wherein R³ is halogen, being especially preferred. Most preferably, R³ is chloro.

Also preferred are compounds of formula I, wherein R³ is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted by one to three groups independently selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and C₁₋₇-alkoxy, with those compounds of formula I, wherein R³ is phenyl substituted by halogen being more preferred, and with compounds of formula I, wherein R³ is 4-fluorophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl being most preferred.

Furthermore, compounds of formula I of the present invention are preferred, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy and C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy.

Another group of preferred compounds of formula I according to the present invention are those, wherein R³ and R⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the carbon atoms they are attached to and R³ and R⁴ together are —O—C(CH₃)₂—CH═CH—. These are compounds of the formula Ix:

Furthermore, compounds of formula I according to the invention are preferred, wherein R⁵ is hydrogen.

Especially preferred are compounds of formula I according to the present invention, wherein G is

and wherein

-   R⁷ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; -   R⁸ and R¹⁰ independently from each other are hydrogen or     —NH—C(O)—R²⁵, wherein R²⁵ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; and -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is     hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1     and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and     heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and -   —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; or -   R⁸ and R⁹ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the     carbon atoms they are attached to and R⁸ and R⁹ together are     —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—.

Within this group, those compounds of formula I are preferred, wherein

-   R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; and -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen or     C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1 and R²⁷ is     selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and heteroaryl     substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and -   —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl.

Another group of preferred compounds of formula I according to the invention are those, wherein G is

and wherein

-   R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen and amino; -   R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl,     benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl,     hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, cyano-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is     selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹,     wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —S(O)₂—R³³, wherein R³³     is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —O—S(O)₂—R³⁴, wherein R³⁴ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, and     —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from     pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring     being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy,     carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl; -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, —COOR³⁵,     wherein R³⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; and -   R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano,     halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl.

Within this group, those compounds are preferred, wherein R¹², R¹⁴ and R¹³ are hydrogen; and

-   R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl,     benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl,     —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl,     —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹, wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl,     and —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from     pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring     being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy,     carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl.

A further group of preferred compounds of formula I according to the invention are those, wherein G is

and wherein

-   R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; and -   R¹⁷ is carbamoyl or —COOR³², wherein R³² is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl.

Also preferred are compounds of formula I according to the invention, wherein G is a group selected from

and wherein

-   R¹⁹ is hydrogen or halogen; -   R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl and halogen; and -   R²¹, R²² and R²³ independently from each other are hydrogen or     halogen.

Another group of preferred compounds are those, wherein G is

and wherein R²⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl.

In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds of formula I having the formula

wherein

-   A is —O— or —NH—; -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkoxy     and halogen; -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₇-alkyl,     C₂₋₇-alkenyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, and     benzyl; -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₂₋₇-alkenyloxy, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —O—C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, halogen,     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —C(O)OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is     C₁₋₇-alkyl, amino and pyrrolyl; -   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, amino, nitro, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, and —O-benzyl; -   or R³ and R⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with     the carbon atoms they are attached to and R³ and R⁴ together are     —O—C(CH₃)₂—CH═CH—; -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and     C₁₋₇-alkoxy; -   G is selected from the groups

wherein

-   R⁷ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; -   R⁸ and R¹¹ independently from each other are hydrogen or     —NH—C(O)—R²⁵, wherein R²⁵ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is     hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1     and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and     heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and -   —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; or -   or R⁸ and R⁹ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with     the carbon atoms they are attached to and R⁸ and R⁹ together are     —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—; -   R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen and amino; -   R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl,     benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl,     —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl,     —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹, wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl,     and —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from     pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring     being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy,     carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl; -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halogen and     halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano,     halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; -   R¹⁷ is carbamoyl or —COOR³², wherein R³² is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl; -   R¹⁹ is hydrogen or halogen; -   R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl,     C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl and halogen; -   R²¹, R²² and R²³ independently from each other are hydrogen or     halogen; -   R²⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl;     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Examples of preferred compounds of formula I are the following:

-   4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile, -   4-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile, -   N-{3-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-acetamide, -   N-{3-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-acetamide, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-amine, -   C-{4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide, -   (2,2-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2λ6-benzo[c]thiophen-5-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzoic acid, -   4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide, -   N-{4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-methanesulfonamide, -   [5-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (7-chloro-4-methoxymethyl-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-fluoro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   (6-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid     ethyl ester, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid     methyl ester, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   (5-bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-methyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   N⁶-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-3-nitro-pyridine-2,6-diamine, -   2-chloro-6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-6-methyl-5-phenyl-nicotinonitrile, -   2-chloro-6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-5-fluoro-nicotinonitrile, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methyl-[1,6]naphthyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   {2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-4-yl}-methanol, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid     methyl ester, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-methyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   N⁶-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-3-nitro-pyridine-2,6-diamine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-chloro-4-methoxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   2-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-6-methyl-nicotinonitrile, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-fluoro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methyl-[1,6]naphthyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic     acid, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic     acid, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, -   6-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic     acid, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic     acid, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, -   [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-iodo-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-iodo-5-methoxymethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   {1-[3-ethoxy-4-(1-ethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   3-isopropoxy-5-[4-(quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-phenol, -   [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   3-isopropoxy-5-[4-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-phenol, -   [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   (4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   4-[4-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-ethoxy-phenol, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-{1-[3-ethoxy-4-(1-ethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-amine, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   4-[4-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-2,6-diethoxy-benzoic     acid ethyl ester, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   isoquinolin-1-yl-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   3-isopropoxy-5-[4-(isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-phenol, -   [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, -   4-[4-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-ethoxy-phenol, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(4-difluoromethoxy-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-isobutoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, -   [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, -   5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-{1-[3-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-4-methoxy-benzyl]-piperidin-4-ylamino}-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, -   2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, -   2-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, -   2-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, -   2-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, -   2-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, -   2-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, -   2-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid, -   6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid, -   6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid, -   6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic     acid, -   5-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid amide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-cyclobutyl-nicotinamide, -   ({6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-amino)-acetic     acid, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-nicotinamide, -   {6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-morpholin-4-yl-methanone, -   {6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-((R)-3-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-methanone, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-ethyl)-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl)-nicotinamide, -   N-(2-acetylamino-ethyl)-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic     acid amide, -   1-(4-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperazin-1-yl)-ethanone, -   1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic     acid, -   (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, -   5-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic     acid methyl ester, -   [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, -   2-chloro-6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   2-chloro-6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic     acid methyl ester, -   {6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-acetonitrile, -   3-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propane-1,2-diol, -   3-{6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propane-1,2-diol, -   3-{6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propan-1-ol, -   3-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propan-1-ol, -   methanesulfonic acid     6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl     ester, -   2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic     acid, -   2-chloro-6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic     acid,     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Especially preferred are the following compounds of formula I of the present invention:

-   4-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, -   6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic     acid, -   [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, -   [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, -   ({6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-amino)-acetic     acid, -   {6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-morpholin-4-yl-methanone, -   1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic     acid,     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Furthermore, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula I individually constitute preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Compounds of formula I can have one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and can exist in the form of optically pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers such as, for example, racemates, optically pure diastereoisomers, mixtures of diastereoisomers, diastereoisomeric racemates or mixtures of diastereoisomeric racemates. The optically active forms can be obtained for example by resolution of the racemates, by asymmetric synthesis or asymmetric chromatography (chromatography with a chiral adsorbens or eluant). The invention embraces all of these forms.

It will be appreciated, that the compounds of general formula I in this invention may be derivatised at functional groups to provide derivatives which are capable of conversion back to the parent compound in vivo. Physiologically acceptable and metabolically labile derivatives, which are capable of producing the parent compounds of general formula I in vivo are also within the scope of this invention.

A further aspect of the present invention is the process for the manufacture of compounds of formula I as defined above, which process comprises

a) reacting a compound of the general formula G-X  II wherein G is as defined herein before and G is a leaving group, with a compound of the formula

wherein A and R¹ to R⁵ are as defined herein before, to obtain a compound of the formula

and, if desired, converting the compound of formula I into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; or, alternatively, b) reacting a compound of the general formula

wherein G is as defined herein before, with an aldehyde of the formula

wherein A and R¹ to R⁵ are as defined herein before, by employing a reducing agent to obtain a compound of the formula

and, if desired, converting the compound of formula I into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

The invention further relates to compounds of formula I as defined above, when manufactured according to a process as defined above.

Suitable reducing agents are preferably selected from the group consisting of pyridine-BH₃ complex, NaBH(OAc)₃ and NaCNBH₃. The reaction can be carried out under acidic conditions by using an acid such as acetic acid or formic acid or an Lewis acid (e.g., Ti(iPrO)₄, ZnCl₂) or under basic conditions (no additive) in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane or ethanol (or mixtures thereof) at ambient or elevated temperatures using conventional heating or heating by microwave irradiation.

As described above, the compounds of formula I of the present invention can be used as medicaments for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5.

“Diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5” are such diseases as diabetes mellitus, particularly type II diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications, posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in patients having type I diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, malabsorption, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis and other skin disorder, and immunodeficiences. Microvascular diabetic complications include diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy, whereas macrovascular diabetes-associated complications lead to an increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke and limb amputations.

The use as medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of diabetes mellitus, particularly type II diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance is preferred.

The invention therefore also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or adjuvant.

Further, the invention relates to compounds as defined above for use as therapeutically active substances, particularly as therapeutic active substances for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5, which method comprises administering a compound of formula I to a human or animal. The method for the treatment and/or prevention of diabetes mellitus, particularly type II diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, is most preferred.

The invention further relates to the use of compounds as defined above for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5.

In addition, the invention relates to the use of compounds as defined above for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases which are associated with the modulation of SST receptors subtype 5. Preferred examples of such diseases are diabetes mellitus, particularly type II diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance.

The compounds of formula I can be manufactured by the methods given below, by the methods given in the examples or by analogous methods. Appropriate reaction conditions for the individual reaction steps are standard reactions and are known to a person skilled in the art. Starting materials are either commercially available or can be prepared by methods analogous to the methods given below, by methods described in references cited in the text or in the examples, or by methods known in the art.

The synthesis of compounds with the general structure I, particularly compounds according to formula Ia and Ib, are described in Schemes 1 to 6.

The synthesis of compounds of the general formula I, particularly compounds according to formula Ia can be accomplished according to Scheme 1.

Reductive N-alkylation of suitably protected piperidines (for protecting groups see Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) Edition, 1999, Wiley-Interscience) of formula 1 with aldehydes 2 in the presence of a reducing agent such as pyridine-BH₃ complex, NaBH(OAc)₃ or NaCNBH₃ under acidic conditions (e.g., acetic acid, formic acid), by using a Lewis acid (e.g., Ti(iPrO)₄, ZnCl₂) or under buffered conditions, e.g., in the presence of acetic acid and a tertiary amine like N-ethyl-diisopropylamine or triethylamine, in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM), dichloroethane, ethanol or isopropanol (or mixtures thereof) at ambient or elevated temperatures using conventional heating or heating by microwave irradiation provide piperidines of general formula 3 (Scheme 1, step a). The piperidines of formula 1 may thereby used either as a salt, e.g., hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt, or as the corresponding free amine. The alkyloxycarbonyl protecting group present in compounds 3 can be removed, using e.g., 48% aqueous hydrogen bromide or 37% aqueous hydrochloric acid as reagent preferably at elevated temperatures to remove an ethyl carbamate or using trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid in a solvent like dichloromethane, dioxane or THF preferable at room temperature to remove a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC)-protective group (see Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) Edition, 1999, Wiley-Interscience), yielding 4-amino piperidines of formula 4 (Scheme 1, step b).

Target compounds of formula Ia can be synthesized by nucleophilic replacement reaction of 4-amino piperidines of formula 4 and fluorobenzenes of general structure 5 at elevated temperatures (Scheme 1, step c), whereby R¹, R³ and/or R⁵ is an electron withdrawing group such as nitrile. Thereby heating can be achieved conventionally or by microwave irradiation using a suitable microwave irradiation apparatus. Furthermore the reaction can be conducted in the presence of or without solvent (typically an aprotic polar solvent such as DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMAc (dimethylacetamide), NMP (N-methylpyrrolidon), ethylene glycol, acetonitrile or THF (tetrahydrofurane)) and in the presence of or without a tertiary amine base such as N-ethyl diisopropylamine, triethylamine or pyridine. The time for the reaction may vary widely, depending on the many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, a period of 0.5 h to several days will usually suffice to yield the piperidine derivatives of formula Ia. The starting materials and some of the intermediates of general structure 5 (e.g., 4-fluoro-benzonitrile) are known compounds and are commercially available or can be prepared by numerous methods using conventional reaction procedures generally known in the art. The 4-amino piperidines of formula 4 may thereby used either as a salt, e.g., hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt, or as the corresponding free amine.

Target structures of general formula Ia can also be synthesized by reductive N-alkylation of anilines 6 with suitably protected piperidines of formula 7 (for protecting groups see Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) Edition, 1999, Wiley-Interscience) in the presence of a reducing agent such as pyridine-BH₃ complex, NaBH(OAc)₃ or NaCNBH₃ under acidic conditions (e.g., acetic acid, formic acid), by using a Lewis acid (e.g., Ti(iPrO)₄, ZnCl₂) or under buffered conditions, e.g., in the presence of acetic acid and a tertiary amine like N-ethyl diisopropylamine or triethylamine in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, ethanol or isopropanol (or mixtures thereof) at ambient or elevated temperatures using conventional heating or heating by microwave irradiation providing piperidines of general formula 8 (Scheme 2, step a). The alkyloxycarbonyl protecting group present in compounds 8 can be removed, using e.g., 48% aqueous hydrogen bromide or 37% aqueous hydrochloric acid as reagent preferably at elevated temperatures to remove an ethyl carbamate or using trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid in a solvent like dichloromethane, dioxane or THF preferable at room temperature to remove a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC)-protective group (see Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) Edition, 1999, Wiley-Interscience), yielding phenyl-piperidin-4-yl-amines of formula 9 (Scheme 2, step b). Reductive N-alkylation of piperidines 9 with aldehydes 2 provides then access to target structures Ia (Scheme 2, step c).

Alternatively, target structures of formula Ia can be accomplished employing an inverted reaction sequence. Reductive coupling of suitably ketone protected piperidines (for protecting groups see Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) Edition, 1999, Wiley-Interscience) such as 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane (10) with aldehydes 2 provides piperidines 11 (Scheme 3, step a), which are subsequently deprotected to the tertiary amine 12 (Scheme 3, step b). In the case of an acetal this deprotection step is preferentially conducted under acid catalysis (e.g., hydrochloric acid) in a solvent such as water under elevated temperatures. Finally, N-alkylation of benzyl-piperidinone 12 with aniline 6 under reductive reaction conditions affords target structures Ia (Scheme 3, step c). In contrast to the strategy outlined in Scheme 2, where the point of diversification is the aryl moiety, this synthetic route is of particular interest if the variation of the benzyl moiety is aimed for in a rapid and parallel fashion.

The synthesis of target compounds of general formula I, particularly compounds according to formula Ib is outlined in Scheme 4. Reductive N-alkylation of suitably protected piperidines of formula 1 with aldehydes 2 in the presence of a reducing agent affords piperidines of general formula 3 (Scheme 4, step a). Removal of the preferentially carbamate protection group yields then the free 4-amino piperidines of formula 4 (Scheme 4, step b). Target structures of formula Ib are accessible by nucleophilic replacement reaction of 4-amino-piperidines of formula 4 and a variety of differentially substituted pyridines, quinolines, isoquinolines, naphthyridines and pyrazines of general structure 5 at room or elevated temperatures (Scheme 4, step c), whereby X is a suitable leaving group such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or methyl sulfone. In order to enhance the rate of conversion heating might be applied, whereby conventional heating or microwave assisted heating might be employed using a suitable microwave irradiation apparatus. The 4-amino-piperidines of formula 4 may thereby used either as a salt, e.g., hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt, or as the corresponding free amine. Alternatively the nucleophilic displacement reaction can be conducted under basic conditions by using K₂CO₃, KOH, NaOCH₃, KOtert-Bu or in particular by using NaH. Furthermore the reaction can be conducted in the presence of or without solvent (typically an aprotic polar solvent such as DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMAc (dimethylacetamide), NMP (N-methylpyrrolidon), ethylene glycol, acetonitrile or THF) and in the presence of or without a tertiary amine base such as triethylamine, N-ethyl diisopropylamine or pyridine and in the presence with or without copper(I) bromide or copper(I) iodide. The time for the reaction may vary widely, depending on the many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, a period of 0.5 h to several days will usually suffice to yield the piperidine derivatives of formula Ib.

The starting materials and some of the intermediates of general structure 5 (e.g., 2-chloro-pyridines, 2-chloro-quinolines or 2-chloro-pyrazines) are known compounds and are commercially available or can be prepared by numerous methods using conventional reaction procedures generally known in the art. There is a plethora of references known in the art teaching methods useful for the preparation of aforementioned heterocyclic ring systems. The reader is referred to (a) A. R. Katritzky, Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1985, Pergamon Press Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom (pyridine synthesis pp. 407-411; quinoline synthesis pp. 457-461; isoquinoline synthesis pp. 463-465; pyrazine synthesis pp. 432-433) and references cited therein, (b) T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann (translated by H. Suschitzky and J. Suschitzky), The Chemistry of Heterocycles, 1995, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Deutschland (pyridine synthesis pp. 295-305; quinoline synthesis pp. 325-334; isoquinoline synthesis pp. 341-347; pyrazine synthesis pp. 419-422) and references cited therein and (c) H. Krauch and W. Kunz, Reaktionen der organischen Chemie, 6., neubearbeitete Auflage, 1997, Huthig GmbH, Heidelberg, Deutschland (pyridine synthesis pp. 589-590; quinoline synthesis pp. 219-221; isoquinoline synthesis pp. 423-429; pyrazine synthesis pp. 578-580) and references cited therein.

Alternatively target structures Ib can be manufactured using Pd(O)-catalyzed amination reactions of 4-amino-piperidines 4 with 2-halo pyridines, 2-halo-quinolines or 1-halo-isoquinolines of general formula 13 (e.g., Buchwald-Hartwig coupling; see (a) J. P. Wolfe, S. Wagaw and S. L. Buchwald J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7215-7216; (b) J. P. Wolfe and S. L. Buchwald Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 6359-6362; (c) J. P. Wolfe, S. Wagaw, J.-F. Marcoux and S. L. Buchwald Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 805-818; (d) B. H. Yang and S. L. Buchwald J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 125-146; (e) J. F. Hartwig Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2046-2067). Thereby halo-substituted heterocylces 13 are reacted with primary amines 4 under an inert atmosphere such as argon or nitrogen in the presence of a palladium catalys such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd₂(dba)₃) or palladium(II) acetate (Pd(COOCH₃)₂), a phosphine ligand like triphenylphosphine, rac-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (rac-BINAP) or (R)-(−)-1-[(5)-2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine (Josiphos; see Q. Shen, S. Shekhar, J. P. Stambuli and J. F. Hartwig Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 1371-1375) and a base such as Cs₂CO₃ or KOtert-Bu in a solvent like toluene, ethanol or water or mixtures thereof (Scheme 4, step c). Said C—N formation reaction may be conducted at room temperature or elevated temperatures, whereby heating might be achieved conventionally or by microwave irradiation (see also Palladium(0) Complexes in Organic Chemistry, in Organometallics in Synthesis (Ed. M. Schlosser), Chapter 4, 2^(nd) Edition, 2002, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK).

If the nucleophilic substitution or Pd(O)-catalyzed amination reaction has been conducted with starting materials which potentially can result in regioisomeric coupling products such as asymmetrically substituted 2,6-dichloro-pyridines or 1,3-dichloro-isoquinolines, the regiochemistry of target structures Ib was unambiguously established by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy employing 1D-NOE difference, 2D-NOESY and/or ¹³C/¹HMBC experiments. In all cases reaction products were successfully separated by conventional chromatographic methods.

Target structures of formula Ib can also be accomplished employing an inverted reaction sequence, namely by first coupling halo-substituted heterocycles 13 with alkyloxycarbonyl protected amine 7 (Scheme 5, step a). The protection group of piperidines 14 are then removed yielding the secondary amines 15 (Scheme 5, step b), which undergo reductive N-alkylation to target structures Ib (Scheme 5, step c). In contrast to the strategy outlined in Scheme 4 where the point of diversification is the heteroaryl moiety this synthetic route is of particular interest for the rapid and parallel variation of the benzyl moiety.

Target compounds of formula Ia and Ib might also be manufactured by direct alkylation of piperidines 9 and 15 with suitable halides, mesylates, tosylates or alcohols containing any other suitable leaving group of general structure 16 in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, dichloroethane or acetone at ambient or elevated temperatures using conventional heating or heating by microwave irradiation with the addition of a suitable tertiary amine base (e.g., triethylamine, N-ethyl diisopropylamine) or an inorganic base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, K₂CO₃; Scheme 6, step a) or by analogous alkylation reactions. Alternatively target structures of formula Ia and Ib might be accessible by Mitsunobu reaction (D. L. Hughes, The Mitsunobu Reaction, in Organic Reactions, Volume 42, 1992, John Wiley & Sons, New York; pp. 335-656) applying alcohols 17 activated by a mixture of a phosphine like a trialkylphosphine such as tributylphosphine ((n-Bu)₃P), triphenylphosphine (Ph₃P) and the like and a diazo-compound like diethyl-azodicarboxylate (DEAD), diisopropyl-azodicarboxylate (DIAD) or di-tert-butyl-azodicarboxylate and the like in a solvent commonly used for such transfomations like tetrahydrofurane (THF), toluene, dichloromethane and the like (Scheme 6, step b). There is no particular restriction on the nature of the solvent to be employed, provided that it has no adverse effect on the reaction or the reagents involved and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent. The reaction can take place over a wide range of temperatures ranging from ambient temperatures to the reflux temperature of the solvent employed. In case of compounds of formula Ia, R^(a) has the meanings of R⁷ and R^(b), R^(c), R^(d) and R^(e) correspond to R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and R¹¹, respectively. In case of compounds of formula Ib, R^(a) corresponds to R¹⁵ (B¹=CR^(b)) or R¹⁸ (B¹=N), R^(b) can have the meanings of R¹⁴, R^(c) corresponds to R¹³ or R¹⁷ and R^(d) corresponds to R¹² or R¹⁶.

Compounds of formula Ib containing a cyano group can be further converted to carboxamides under acidic or basic reaction conditions (for further reaction conditions see R. C. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations—A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, 1989, VCH Publishers Inc., New York; pp. 994). If the reaction is conducted under acidic conditions, preferentially hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid are used at room temperature or elevated temperatures in a solvent such as dioxane or THF (tetrahydrofurane).

Compounds of formula Ib containing an alkyl ester group, preferentially a methyl ester group, can be further transformed to carboxamides under basic reaction conditions (for further reaction conditions see R. C. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations—A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, 1989, VCH Publishers Inc., New York; pp. 987-988), preferentially using ammonium hydroxide in the presence of potassium cyanide at room temperature or elevated temperatures in a solvent such as DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) or DMAc (dimethylacetamide). In order to enhance the rate of conversion heating might be applied, whereby conventional heating or microwave assisted heating might be employed using a suitable microwave irradiation apparatus.

Compounds of formula Ib containing an alkyl ester group, preferentially a methyl ester group, can be further converted to carboxylic acids under basic reaction conditions (for further reaction conditions see R. C. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations—A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, 1989, VCH Publishers Inc., New York; pp. 981-985), preferentially using potassium or sodium hydroxide at room temperature or elevated temperatures in a solvent such as methanol, dioxane, THF (tetrahydrofurane), DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) or DMAc (dimethylacetamide) or mixtures thereof. In order to enhance the rate of conversion heating might be applied, whereby conventional heating or microwave assisted heating might be employed using a suitable microwave irradiation apparatus.

Compounds of formula Ib containing a carboxylic acid function can be further transformed to amides by reaction with primary or secondary amines (for further reaction conditions see R. C. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations—A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, 1989, VCH Publishers Inc., New York; pp. 972-976). The coupling of carboxylic acids with amines is widely described in literature and the procedures are known to those in the art (see also R. C. Larock, Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, 2^(nd) Edition, 1999, John Wiley & Sons, New York). Preferentially, nicotinic acids of general structure Ib can conveniently be transformed to the respective amide through coupling with a primary or secondary amine employing a coupling agent. Suitable coupling agents for the reaction of carboxylic acids with amines are for example N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole (HOBT), O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) and the like. Preferred coupling agents are 1-[bis(dimethylamino) methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU) or O-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU). Solvents commonly used for such kind of reactions are DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMAc (dimethylacetamide), DCM (dichloromethane), dioxane, THF (tetrahydrofurane) and the like in the presence of or without a tertiary amine base such as N-ethyl diisopropylamine, triethylamine or pyridine. The reaction can take place over a wide range of temperatures from ambient temperature to the reflux temperature of the solvent applied. The time for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on the many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, a period of 0.5 h to several days will usually suffice to yield the amide derivatives of formula Ib.

Synthesis of Aldehyde Intermediates

The requisite aldehyde partners are either commercially available or can be derived by alkylation with alkyl halides, alkyl mesylates, alkyl tosylates or alcohols containing any other suitable leaving group in a polar solvent such as DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) or acetone and a suitable base (e.g., Cs₂CO₃, K₂CO₃) at room temperature or elevated temperatures, by Mitsunobu reaction with alcohols activated by a mixture of triphenylphosphine and diethylazadicarboxylate, or by analogous alkylation of the phenolic carboxylic esters or acids of formula 18 (Scheme 7, step a). Reduction of the esters of formula 19 by a suitable reducing agent (e.g., diisobutylaluminium hydride at low temperature, with LiAlH₄ at elevated or ambient temperature) in a solvent such as THF (tetrahydrofurane) provides the corresponding benzylalcohols of formula 20 (Scheme 7, step b). These can then be oxidized to the aldehydes of formula 21, preferably with activated MnO₂ as oxidant in dichloromethane (Scheme 7, step c).

Alternatively the introduction of the side-chain can be accomplished by direct alkylation (sequential for unsymmetrical compounds) of the phenolic benzaldehydes of formula 22 providing the desired compounds of formula 21 directly (Scheme 7, step d).

A further well-established route towards the synthesis of benzylaldehydes of formula 24 consists in the reduction of the corresponding benzonitriles of formula 23 by a suitable reducing agent such as diisobutylaluminium hydride at low temperature in a non-protic polar solvent (e.g., THF; Scheme 7, step e).

Additional syntheses of aldehydes of formula II are described in the examples.

As described hereinbefore, it has been found that the compounds of formula I possess pharmaceutical activity, in particular they are modulators of somatostatin receptor activity. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention have been found to be antagonists of the somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5).

The following tests were carried out in order to determine the activity of the compounds of formula I.

A CHO cell line stably transfected with a plasmid encoding the human subtype 5 somatostatin receptor (GenBank accession number D16827) was obtained from Euroscreen. Cells were cultured and used for binding and functional assays.

Membranes of these cells were prepared by sonication in the presence of protease inhibitors and subsequent fractionating centrifugation. The protein concentration in the membrane preparation was determined using a commercial kit (BCA kit, Pierce, USA). Membranes were stored at −80° C. until use. After thawing, membranes were diluted in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl₂ and 0.20% BSA) and subjected to dounce homogenization.

For binding studies, 0.1 mL membrane suspension, corresponding to app. 6×10⁻¹⁵ mol receptor, was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with 0.05 nM ¹²⁵I-labeled tracer (11-Tyr somatostatin-14, Perkin-Elmer) and either test compounds in varying concentrations or, for the determination of non-specific binding, 0.001 mM non-labeled somatostatin-14. The incubation was stopped by filtration through GF/B glassfiber filters and washing with ice-cold wash buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.4). The bound radioactivity was measured after application of a scintillation cocktail (Microscint 40) and expressed as disintegrations per minute (dpm).

The receptor concentration was determined in a prior saturation experiment where a fixed, arbitrary amount of membranes was incubated with a concentration range of radio-labeled tracer. This allows estimating the total number of specific binding sites per amount of protein (i.e., B_(max)), typically between 1 and 5 pmol/mg.

The concentration of the test compound required to result in half maximal inhibition of binding of the radio-labeled tracer (IC₅₀) was estimated from a concentration-versus-dpm graph. The binding affinity (K_(i)) was calculated from the IC₅₀ by applying the Cheng-Prussoff equation for single binding sites.

For functional experiments, 50'000 cells were incubated in Krebs Ringer HEPES buffer (115 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.56 mM CaCl₂, 1.2 mM KH₂PO₄, 1.2 mM MgSO₄, 20 mM NaHCO₃ and 16 mM HEPES, adjusted to pH 7.4) supplemented with 1 mM IBMX and 0.1% BSA, then stimulated with 0.004 mM forskolin. Simultaneously with forskolin, test compounds in varying concentrations were applied. Cells were then incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Subsequently, cells were lysed and cAMP concentration measured using a fluorescence-based commercial kit according to the manufacturer (HitHunter cAMP, DiscoverX).

The concentration of the test compound to induce a half maximal effect (i.e., EC₅₀) as well as the efficacy as compared to 0.15 nM somatostatin-14 were determined from concentration-versus-fluorescence (arbitrary units) graphs. For the determination of potential antagonism, 0.15 nM somatostatin-14 was applied together with the test compounds and the concentration of the test compounds to half maximally reverse the effect of somatostatin-14 (i.e., IC₅₀) were deduced from concentration-versus-fluorescence graphs.

The compounds of the present invention exhibit K_(i) values of 0.1 nM to 10 μM, preferably K_(i) values of 1 nM to 500 nM and more preferably 0.1 nM to 100 nM for human subtype 5 somatostatin receptor. The following table shows measured values for selected compounds of the present invention.

SSTR5 K_(i) (nmol/l) Example 24 789 Example 103 7 Example 205 86

The compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters can be used as medicaments, e.g., in the form of pharmaceutical preparations for enteral, parenteral or topical administration. They can be administered, for example, perorally, e.g., in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragées, hard and soft gelatine capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions, rectally, e.g., in the form of suppositories, parenterally, e.g., in the form of injection solutions or infusion solutions, or topically, e.g., in the form of ointments, creams or oils.

The production of the pharmaceutical preparations can be effected in a manner which will be familiar to any person skilled in the art by bringing the described compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable, into a galenical administration form together with suitable, non-toxic, inert, therapeutically compatible solid or liquid carrier materials and, if desired, usual pharmaceutical adjuvants.

Suitable carrier materials are not only inorganic carrier materials, but also organic carrier materials. Thus, for example, lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, stearic acid or its salts can be used as carrier materials for tablets, coated tablets, dragées and hard gelatine capsules. Suitable carrier materials for soft gelatine capsules are, for example, vegetable oils, waxes, fats and semi-solid and liquid polyols (depending on the nature of the active ingredient no carriers are, however, required in the case of soft gelatine capsules). Suitable carrier materials for the production of solutions and syrups are, for example, water, polyols, sucrose, invert sugar and the like. Suitable carrier materials for injection solutions are, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol and vegetable oils. Suitable carrier materials for suppositories are, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats and semi-liquid or liquid polyols. Suitable carrier materials for topical preparations are glycerides, semi-synthetic and synthetic glycerides, hydrogenated oils, liquid waxes, liquid paraffins, liquid fatty alcohols, sterols, polyethylene glycols and cellulose derivatives.

Usual stabilizers, preservatives, wetting and emulsifying agents, consistency-improving agents, flavour-improving agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, buffer substances, solubilizers, colorants and masking agents and antioxidants come into consideration as pharmaceutical adjuvants.

The dosage of the compounds of formula I can vary within wide limits depending on the disease to be controlled, the age and the individual condition of the patient and the mode of administration, and will, of course, be fitted to the individual requirements in each particular case. For adult patients a daily dosage of about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, especially about 1 mg to about 100 mg, comes into consideration. Depending on the dosage it is convenient to administer the daily dosage in several dosage units.

The pharmaceutical preparations conveniently contain about 0.1-500 mg, preferably 0.5-100 mg, of a compound of formula I.

The present invention will be further explained by reference to the following illustrative examples. They are, however, not intended to limit its scope in any manner.

EXAMPLES Abbreviations

Ar=argon, DMAc=dimethylacetamide, DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide, DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide, EI=electron impact (ionization), ESI=electron spray ionisation, HATU=1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate, HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography, Hyflo Super Gel®=filtration aid (Fluka), ISN=ion spray negative (mode), ISP=ion spray positive (mode), Josiphos ligand=(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(dicyclohexyl-phosphino)-ferrocenyl]ethyl-di-tert-butylphosphine, NMP=N-methylpyrrolidon, NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance, MPLC=medium pressure liquid chromatography, MS=mass spectrum, P=protecting group, R=any group, rt=room temperature, THF=tetrahydrofuran, X=halogen, Y=any group including heteroatoms and halides.

Example 1 4-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile Step 1: [1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

A mixture of piperidin-4-yl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (10.0 g, 50.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available), 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (10.8 g, 60.0 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) and acetic acid (11.4 mL, 12.01 g, 200.0 mmol, 4.0 equiv) in ethanol (40 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 100° C. for 5 min. Sodium cyanoborohydride (6.27 g, 100.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (20 mL), was added and the reaction mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 100° C. for an additional time period of 5 min. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude reaction product extracted from a solution of 1 M NaOH (200 mL) with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with ethyl acetate to yield 9.71 g (53%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS (ISP): 365.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (Intermediate A1)

A solution of [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (9.71 g, 26.64 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) and 4 M HCl in dioxane (75 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 h. The hydrochloric acid was removed under reduced pressure and the crude reaction product extracted from a solution of 1 M NaOH (200 mL) with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure yielding 4.69 g (89%) of a white solid. The crude material was directly used in the following reaction step. MS (ESI): 265.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 4-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile

A solution of 4-fluoro-benzonitrile (36.3 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (95.2 mg, 0.36 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate A1) in DMAc (2 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 210° C. for 3 h. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 17.8 mg (16%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 366.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example 2 4-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile Step 1: [1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

A mixture of piperidin-4-yl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (5.0 g, 25.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available), 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (5.54 g, 30.0 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate E2, vide infra) and acetic acid (5.7 mL, 6.01 g, 100.0 mmol, 4.0 equiv) in ethanol (25 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 100° C. for 5 min. Sodium cyanoborohydride (3.14 g, 50.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (10 mL), was added and the reaction mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 100° C. for an additional time period of 10 min. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude reaction product extracted from a solution of 1 M NaOH (100 mL) with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate providing 3.91 g (42%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 369.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (Intermediate A2)

A solution of [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (0.78 g, 2.12 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) and 4 M HCl (15 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 h. The hydrochloric acid was removed under reduced pressure and the crude reaction product extracted from a solution of 1 M NaOH (50 mL) with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure yielding 0.32 g (57%) of a white solid. The crude material was directly used in the following reaction step. MS (ISP): 269.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 4-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile

A solution of 4-fluoro-benzonitrile (36.3 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (96.8 mg, 0.36 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate A2) in DMAc (2 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 210° C. for 3 h. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 10.9 mg (10%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 370.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 3 N-{3-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-acetamide Step 1: 4-(3-Acetylamino-phenylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A mixture of N-(3-amino-phenyl)-acetamide (0.19 g, 1.25 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.3 g, 1.50 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in isopropanol (2 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 120° C. for 20 min. Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.16 g, 2.50 mmol, 2.0 equiv), dissolved in isopropanol (2 mL), was added and the reaction mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 120° C. for an additional time period of 20 min. The crude reaction material was purified by silica column chromatography eluting with heptane/ethyl acetate (1:2) providing 0.21 g (49%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 334.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: N-[3-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-phenyl]-acetamide dihydrochloride (Intermediate B1)

A solution of 4-(3-acetylamino-phenylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.21 g, 0.63 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (10 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 234.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: N-{3-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-acetamide

To a solution of N-[3-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-phenyl]-acetamide dihydrochloride (61.2 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B1), acetic acid (60.1 mg, 1.0 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and triethylamine (40.5 mg, 0.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in ethanol (1 mL) was added 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (46.1 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.25 equiv; intermediate E2, vide infra) and the mixture stirred at 50° C. After 1 h, sodium cyanoborohydride (15.1 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (1 mL), was added and the mixture stirred at 50° C. over night. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 10.0 mg (12%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 402.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 4 N-{3-[1-(3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-acetamide

To a solution of N-[3-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-phenyl]-acetamide dihydrochloride (61.2 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B1), acetic acid (60.1 mg, 1.0 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and triethylamine (40.5 mg, 0.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) in ethanol (1 mL) was added 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (53.1 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.25 equiv; intermediate E5, vide infra) and the mixture stirred at 50° C. After 1 h, sodium cyanoborohydride (15.1 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (1 mL), was added and the mixture stirred at 50° C. over night. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 19.9 mg (23%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 430.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example 5 [1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-amine Step 1: 1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-one (Intermediate C1)

A mixture of 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]decane (9.33 g, 65.16 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (14.09 g, 78.19 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in ethanol (50 mL) and acetic acid (5 mL) was heated to 50° C. for 1 h. Sodium cyanoborohydride (4.91 g, 78.19 mmol, 1.2 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (20 mL), was added and the reaction mixture heated to 50° C. After 2 h, a solution of 37% HCl in water (100 mL) was added and the reaction mixture heated to 100° C. for 3 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude reaction product extracted from a solution of 1 M NaOH (100 mL) with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Mg50₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate (1:3)→ethyl acetate to provide 11.23 g (59%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.46 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 2.41-2.44 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.73 (m, 4H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 4.11 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.80-6.86 (m, 2H), 6.94 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 14.49, 41.16, 52.71, 55.90, 61.00, 64.50, 111.43, 113.71, 121.04, 130.77, 148.17, 148.68, 208.71. MS (ISP): 263.9 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: [1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-amine

A solution of 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-one (94.8 mg, 0.36 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate C1) and 4-ethyl-phenylamine (36.4 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) in ethanol (2 mL) and acetic acid (0.38 mL) was heated to 85° C. After 2 h, sodium cyanoborohydride (22.6 mg, 0.36 mmol, 1.2 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (1 mL), was added and the mixture stirred at 85° C. over night. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 17.2 mg (16%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 369.4 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 6 to 10

According to the procedure described for the synthesis of example 5/step 2 further phenyl derivatives have been synthesized from 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-one (intermediate C1) and the respective aniline intermediate as indicated in Table 1. The results are compiled in Table 1 and comprise example 6 to example 10.

TABLE 1 ISP [M + H]⁺ No MW Compound Name Starting Materials found 6 447.60 C-{4-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4- 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 448.1 methoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-one piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate C1) and C-(4- phenyl}-N-methyl- amino-phenyl)-N-methyl- methanesulfonamide methanesulfonamide (commercially available) 7 430.57 (2,2-dioxo-2,3-dihydro- 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 431.3 1H-2λ⁶-benzo[c]thiophen- benzyl)-piperidin-4-one 5-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- (intermediate C1) and 2,2- methoxy-benzyl)- dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2λ⁶- piperidin-4-yl]-amine benzo[c]thiophen-5-ylamine (commercially available) 8 384.48 4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 385.4 methoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-one piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate C1) and 4- benzoic acid amino-benzoic acid (commercially available) 9 500.62 4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 501.2 methoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-one piperidin-4-ylamino]-N- (intermediate C1) and 4- (5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)- amino-N-(5-methyl-isoxazol- benzenesulfonamide 3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide (commercially available) 10 433.57 N-{4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 434.4 methoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-one piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate C1) and N-(4- phenyl}- amino-phenyl)- methanesulfonamide methanesulfonamide (commercially available)

Example 11 [5-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine

A solution of 2-(6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzoimidazole (23.0 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (39.7 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.5 equiv; intermediate A1) in ethylene glycol (2 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 220° C. for 20 min. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 4.0 mg (9%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 456.6 [M−H]⁻.

Example 12 (7-Chloro-4-methoxymethyl-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine Step 1: 2,7-Dichloro-4-methoxymethyl-quinoline

To a solution of 4-bromomethyl-7-chloro-quinolin-2-ol (500.0 mg, 1.84 mmol, 1.0 equiv; [CAS RN 23976-53-6]; prepared according to R. J. Chudgar and K. N. Trivedi J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 1969, 46, 537-540) and collidine (333.5 mg, 2.75 mmol, 1.5 equiv) in acetonitril (15 mL) was added phosphorus oxychloride (1.0 mL, 1.69 g, 11.0 mmol, 6.0 equiv) and the reaction mixture heated to 110° C. over night. The reaction mixture was poured on ice, the pH adjusted to 9 by addition of a sat. solution of Na₂CO₃ (100 mL) and the solution extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure yielding 0.43 g of a mixture of 4-bromomethyl-2,7-dichloro-quinoline and 2,7-dichloro-4-chloromethyl-quinoline according to ¹H NMR, which was used directly in the consecutive step without further purification. The mixture was dissolved in MeOH (20 mL) and sodium methoxide (99.4 mg, 1.84 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was added. After heating to 60° C. for 8 h, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with silica column chromatography eluting with hexane/diethyl ether (10:1) to provide 0.17 g (38%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (250 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 3.54 (s, 3H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J=9.0 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H). MS (EI): 242 [M]⁺.

Step 2: (7-Chloro-4-methoxymethyl-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine

A solution of 2,7-dichloro-4-methoxymethyl-quinoline (36.3 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (47.6 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.5 equiv; intermediate A1) in NMP (2 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 200° C. for 30 min. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 9.6 mg (14%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 470.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example 13 [1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-fluoro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine Step 1: 2-Chloro-6-fluoro-quinoline (Intermediate D1) [CAS RN 77119-53-0]

The title compound was prepared according to S. R. Inglis, C. Stojkoski, K. M. Branson, J. F. Cawthray, D. Fritz, E. Wiadrowski, S. M. Pyke and G. W. Booker J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 5405-5417.

Step 2: [1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-fluoro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine

A solution of 2-chloro-6-fluoro-quinoline (27.2 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate D1) and 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (47.6 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate A1) in DMAc (2 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 220° C. for 1 h. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 2.2 mg (4%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 410.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example 14 6-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile

Method A:

A solution of 6-chloro-nicotinonitrile (20.8 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (47.6 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate A1) in DMAc (1.5 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 180° C. for 10 min. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 2.2 mg (4%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 367.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 15 [1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine

Method B:

To a solution of 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (39.7 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate A1) in dry DMF (1.5 mL) under Ar was added sodium hydride (6.6 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.2 equiv; 55% free-flowing powder moistened with oil) and the reaction mixture stirred at rt. After 2 h, 2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (22.7 mg, 0.125 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) was added and the mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 160° C. for 15 min. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 4.8 mg (8%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 410.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 16 (6-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine

Method C:

To a solution of 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (39.7 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate A1) in dry DMF (1.5 mL) under Ar was added sodium hydride (6.6 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.2 equiv; 55% free-flowing powder moistened with oil) and the reaction mixture stirred at rt. After 2 h, 2,6-dichloro-pyridine (18.5 mg, 0.125 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) was added and the mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 140° C. for 1 h. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 1.1 mg (2%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 376.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 17 6-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid ethyl ester

Method D:

To a solution of 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (39.7 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate A1) in dry DMF (1.5 mL) under Ar was added sodium hydride (6.6 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; 55% free-flowing powder moistened with oil) and the reaction mixture stirred at rt. After 2 h, 6-chloro-nicotinic acid ethyl ester (46.4 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.67 equiv; commercially available) was added and the mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 220° C. for 15 min. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 10.9 mg (18%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 414.4 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 18 to 27

According to the procedure described for the synthesis of example 14 (Method A), example 15 (Method B), example 16 (Method C) and example 17 (Method D) further pyridine, quinoline and naphthyridine derivatives have been synthesized from 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (intermediate A1) and the respective pyridine, quinoline and naphthyridine intermediate as indicated in Table 2. The results are compiled in Table 2 and comprise example 18 to example 27.

TABLE 2 ISP Prepa- [M + H]⁺ No MW Compound Name ration Starting Materials found 18 399.49 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 400.4 methoxy-benzyl)- B benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-ylamino]- ylamine (intermediate nicotinic acid methyl A1) and 6-chloro- ester nicotinic acid methyl ester (commercially available) 19 386.45 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 387.3 methoxy-benzyl)- A benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-yl]-(5- ylamine (intermediate nitro-pyridin-2-yl)- A1) and 2-chloro-5- amine nitro-pyridine (commercially available) 20 420.36 (5-bromo-pyridin-2- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 422.2 yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- D benzyl)-piperidin-4- methoxy-benzyl)- ylamine (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine A1) and 5-bromo-2- chloro-pyridine (commercially available) 21 400.48 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 401.4 methoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-yl]-(6- ylamine (intermediate methyl-5-nitro- A1) and 6-chloro-2- pyridin-2-yl)-amine methyl-3-nitro-pyridine (commercially available) 22 401.47 N⁶-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 402.4 methoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-yl]-3- ylamine (intermediate nitro-pyridine-2,6- A1) and 6-chloro-3- diamine nitro-pyridin-2-ylamine (commercially available) 23 433.94 2-chloro-6-[1-(3- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 434.3 ethoxy-4-methoxy- C benzyl)-piperidin-4- benzyl)-piperidin-4- ylamine (intermediate ylamino]-isonicotinic A1) and 2,6-dichloro- acid methyl ester isonicotinic acid methyl ester (commercially available) 24 456.59 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 457.4 methoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-ylamino]- ylamine (intermediate 6-methyl-5-phenyl- A1) and 2-chloro-6- nicotinonitrile methyl-5-phenyl- nicotinonitrile (commercially available) 25 418.90 2-chloro-6-[1-(3- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 419.2 ethoxy-4-methoxy- C benzyl)-piperidin-4- benzy)-piperidin-4- ylamine (intermediate ylamino]-5-fluoro- A1) and 2,6-dichloro-5- nicotinonitrile fluoro-nicotinonitrile (commercially available) 26 391.51 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 392.2 methoxy-benzyl)- D benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-yl]- ylamine (intermediate quinolin-2-yl-amine A1) and 2-chloro- quinoline (commercially available) 27 406.53 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- Method 1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- 407.4 methoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-yl]-(5- ylamine (intermediate methyl- A1) and 2-chloro-5- [1,6]naphthyridin-2- methyl- yl)-amine [1,6]naphthyridine (commercially available)

Example 28 {2-Chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-4-yl}-methanol

Method E:

A solution of (2,6-dichloro-pyridin-4-yl)-methanol (44.5 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.25 equiv; commercially available) and 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (53.8 mg, 0.20 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate A2) in DMF (2.0 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 220° C. for 1 h. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 3.2 mg (4%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 410.3 [M+H]⁺.

The pyridine intermediate D2 was prepared following literature precedents.

Synthesis of Pyridine Intermediate D2 to be used in Table 3

Intermediate D2 2,6-Dichloro-4-methoxymethyl-pyridine [CAS RN 221093-39-6]

The title compound was prepared according to WO 99/12907 (Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc.).

Examples 29 to 37

According to the procedure described for the synthesis of example 15 (Method B), example 16 (Method C) and example 28 (Method E) further pyridine, quinoline and naphthyridine derivatives have been synthesized from 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine (intermediate A2) and the respective pyridine, quinoline and naphthyridine intermediate as indicated in Table 3. The results are compiled in Table 3 and comprise example 29 to example 37.

TABLE 3 ISP Prepa- [M + H]⁺ No MW Compound Name ration Starting Materials found 29 403.91 6-[1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 404.4 ethoxy-benzyl)- B benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4- (intermediate A2) and 6- ylamino]-nicotinic chloro-nicotinic acid methyl acid methyl ester ester (commercially available) 30 413.87 [1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 414.3 ethoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4-yl]-(5- (intermediate A2) and 2- trifluoromethyl- chloro-5-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-amine pyridine (commercially available) 31 413.87 [1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 414.3 ethoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4-yl]-(3- (intermediate A2) and 2- trifluoromethyl- chloro-3-trifluoromethyl- pyridin-2-yl)-amine pyridine (commercially available) 32 404.90 [1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 405.3 ethoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4-yl]-(6- (intermediate A2) and 6- methyl-5-nitro- chloro-2-methyl-3-nitro- pyridin-2-yl)-amine pyridine (commercially available) 33 405.89 N⁶-[1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 406.4 ethoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4-yl]-3- (intermediate A2) and 6- nitro-pyridine-2,6- chloro-3-nitro-pyridin-2- diamine ylamine (commercially available) 34 424.37 [1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 424.1 ethoxy-benzyl)- E benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4-yl]-(6- (intermediate A2) and 2,6- chloro-4- dichloro-4-methoxymethyl- methoxymethyl- pyridine (intermediate D2) pyridin-2-yl)-amine 35 384.91 2-[1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 385.4 ethoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4- (intermediate A2) and 2- ylamino]-6-methyl- chloro-6-methyl- nicotinonitrile nicotinonitrile (commercially available) 36 413.92 [1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 414.4 ethoxy-benzyl)- E benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4-yl]-(6- (intermediate A2) and 2- fluoro-quinolin-2- chloro-6-fluoro-quinoline yl)-amine (intermediate D1) 37 410.95 [1-(4-chloro-3- Method 1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy- 411.5 ethoxy-benzyl)- C benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamine piperidin-4-yl]-(5- (intermediate A2) and 2- methyl- chloro-5-methyl- [1,6]naphthyridin- [1,6]naphthyridine 2-yl)-amine (commercially available)

Example 38 6-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile Step 1: 4-(5-Cyano-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A mixture of 6-chloro-nicotinonitrile (2.1 g, 15.16 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.86 g, 24.25 mmol, 1.6 equiv; commercially available) in N-ethyl diisopropylamine (5 mL) and anhydrous DMF (10 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 3 d. To the reaction mixture was added a sat. solution of Na₂CO₃ (100 mL) and the crude extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with silica column chromatography eluting with toluene/ethyl acetate (4:1) to provide 2.90 g (63%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.24-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.84-1.89 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.94 (m, 2H), 3.87-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.98 (br s, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=8.9 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO): δ 828.04, 31.19, 42.25, 47.12, 78.58, 94.49, 108.62, 118.91, 138.53, 153.00, 153.89, 159.17. MS (ISP): 303.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (Intermediate B2)

A solution of 4-(5-cyano-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2.6 g, 8.60 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (20 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 203.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 6-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile

To a solution of 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (41.3 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B2) in ethanol (2 mL), acetic acid (72.1 mg, 1.2 mmol, 8.0 equiv) and N-ethyl diisopropylamine (77.6 mg, 0.6 mmol, 4.0 equiv) was added 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (29.6 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate E10, vide infra) and the mixture stirred at 55° C. After 1 h, sodium cyanoborohydride (47.1 mg, 0.75 mmol, 5.0 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (0.5 mL), was added and the mixture stirred at 55° C. over night. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 20.5 mg (39%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 350.7 [M+H]⁺.

The pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline and pyrazine piperidine intermediates B3 to B14 were prepared following literature precedents or as described below.

Synthesis of Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline and Pyrazine Piperidine Intermediates B3 to B14 to be used in Table 4

Intermediate B3 6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinamide dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(5-Carbamoyl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 4-(5-cyano-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.40 g, 1.32 mmol, 1.0 equiv; example 38/step 1) in DMSO (2.5 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.037 g, 0.27 mmol, 0.2 equiv) and a solution of 30% hydrogen peroxide in water (0.27 mL, 0.30 g, 2.65 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt and then extracted from water (50 mL) with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure yielding 0.63 g (74%) of the title compound, which was used in the consecutive step without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.38-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.98-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.91 (m, 1H), 4.01-4.06 (m, 2H), 5.48 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (br s, 2H), 7.87 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 28.38, 31.75, 42.50, 48.18, 79.52, 106.81, 117.65, 136.65, 148.75, 154.68, 159.45, 168.70. MS (ISP): 321.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinamide dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(5-carbamoyl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.63 g, 1.97 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (20 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 221.4 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B4 6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic acid dihydrochloride

Step 1: 6-(1-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic acid

To a solution of 4-(5-cyano-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.00 g, 3.31 mmol, 1.0 equiv; example 38/step 1) in ethanol (10 mL) was added a solution of 5 M NaOH (3.31 mL, 16.54 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and the reaction mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 120° C. for 15 min. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the crude material purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol providing 0.46 g (39%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.18-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.84-1.88 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.90-4.03 (m, 1H), 6.43 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H). MS (ISP): 322.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic acid dihydrochloride

A solution of 6-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic acid (0.46 g, 1.43 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) and 4 M HCl in dioxane (40 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 222.3 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B5 Piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-[5-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-ylamino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 4-(5-cyano-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.70 g, 2.32 mmol, 1.0 equiv; example 38/step 1) in anhydrous DMF (8 mL) was added sodium azide (0.45 g, 6.95 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and ammonium chloride (0.37 g, 6.95 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and the reaction mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 150° C. for 1.5 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with dichloromethane/methanol (9:1) to yield 0.80 g (100%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CH₃OD): δ 1.28-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.89-1.93 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.81-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.97 (m, 2H), 6.56 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J=8.9 Hz, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H). MS (ISP): 346.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: Piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-ylamino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.80 g, 2.32 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (60 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 246.4 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B6 Piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(5-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A solution of 2-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine (2.45 g, 13.50 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3.24 g, 16.19 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in DMAc (12 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 155° C. for 6 h. A solution of 1 M NaOH (100 mL) was added and the reaction mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate (4:1→1:1) to yield 0.69 g (15%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.31-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.92-1.98 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.92 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.97-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.77 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (br s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 27.45, 31.17, 41.64, 47.51, 78.72, 105.86, 114.65 (q, J=32.8 Hz), 123.58 (q, J=268.6 Hz), 133.26, 145.15, 153.76, 158.36. ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃): δ-61.22. MS (ISP): 346.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: Piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.69 g, 2.00 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) and 4 M HCl in dioxane (40 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 246.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B7 6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride

Step 1: 6-(1-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester

A solution of 6-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (2.00 g, 8.35 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2.01 g, 10.02 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in anhydrous DMF (10 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 110° C. for 4 h. A solution of 1 M NaOH (100 mL) was added and the reaction mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate (5:1→3:1) to yield 1.65 g (49%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.36-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.95-1.97 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.92-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.05 (m, 2H), 5.12 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃): δ-62.38. MS (ISP): 404.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride

A solution of 6-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester (1.65 g, 4.09 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and 4 M HCl in dioxane (20 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 304.0 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B8 Piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(Quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a degassed solution of 2-chloro-quinoline (1.00 g, 6.11 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.47 g, 7.33 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in dimethoxyethane (15 mL) was added KOtert-Bu (0.96 g, 8.56 mmol, 1.4 equiv), (R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(dicyclohexyl-phosphino)-ferrocenyl]ethyl-di-tert-butylphosphine (3.39 mg, 0.0061 mmol, 0.1 mol %; Josiphos ligand [CAS RN 158923-11-6]; commercially available from Strem Chemicals, USA) and palladium(II) acetate (1.37 mg, 0.0061 mmol, 0.1 mol %). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane (+1% triethylamine)/ethyl acetate providing 1.0 g (50%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.28-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.93-1.94 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.02 (m, 2H), 3.87-3.92 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.19 (m, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO): δ 28.07, 31.49, 42.41, 46.52, 78.52, 113.21, 121.03, 122.80, 125.52, 127.42, 128.89, 136.18, 147.82, 153.92, 156.13. MS (ISP): 328.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: Piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.00 g, 3.05 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (100 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 228.6 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B9 (4-Methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(4-Methyl-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a degassed solution of 2-chloro-4-methyl-quinoline (1.00 g, 5.63 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.35 g, 6.76 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in dimethoxyethane (15 mL) was added KOtert-Bu (0.88 g, 7.88 mmol, 1.4 equiv), (R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(dicyclohexyl-phosphino)-ferrocenyl]ethyl-di-tert-butylphosphine (3.12 mg, 0.0056 mmol, 0.1 mol %; Josiphos ligand [CAS RN 158923-11-6]; commercially available from Strem Chemicals, USA) and palladium(II) acetate (1.26 mg, 0.0056 mmol, 0.1 mol %). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 18 h, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane (+1% triethylamine)/ethyl acetate providing 0.54 g (28%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.31-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.91-1.96 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.93-3.01 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.91 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.17 (m, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO): δ 18.16, 28.07, 31.57, 42.39, 46.37, 78.51, 112.89, 120.88, 123.12, 123.64, 125.96, 128.69, 143.28, 147.91, 153.91, 155.93. MS (ISP): 342.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: (4-Methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.54 g, 1.58 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (50 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 242.4 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B10 (4-Chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(4-Chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a degassed solution of 2,4-dichloro-quinoline (1.00 g, 5.05 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available from Specs Research Laboratory, The Netherlands) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.21 g, 6.06 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in dimethoxyethane (15 mL) was added KOtert-Bu (0.79 g, 7.07 mmol, 1.4 equiv), (R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(dicyclohexyl-phosphino)-ferrocenyl]ethyl-di-tert-butylphosphine (2.80 mg, 0.0051 mmol, 0.1 mol %; Josiphos ligand [CAS RN 158923-11-6]; commercially available from Strem Chemicals, USA) and palladium(II) acetate (1.13 mg, 0.0051 mmol, 0.1 mol %). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane (+1% triethylamine)/ethyl acetate providing 0.22 g (12%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.27-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.93-1.97 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.03 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.90 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.16 (m, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), MS (ISP): 362.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: (4-Chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(4-chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.22 g, 0.61 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (30 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 262.3 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B11 (8-Chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(8-Chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a degassed solution of 2,8-dichloro-quinoline (3.00 g, 15.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3.64 g, 18.18 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in toluene (35 mL) was added KOtert-Bu (2.38 g, 21.21 mmol, 1.4 equiv), rac-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (0.38 g, 0.61 mmol, 0.04 equiv) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)-dipalladium(0) (0.31 g, 0.30 mmol, 0.02 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 18 h, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane (+1% triethylamine)/ethyl acetate providing 1.73 g (31%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.37-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 2.17-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.96-3.04 (m, 2H), 4.07-4.17 (m, 3H), 4.76 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, H=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H). MS (ISP): 362.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: (8-Chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.30 g, 3.59 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (120 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 262.3 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B12 Isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(Isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a degassed solution of 1-chloro-isoquinoline (1.00 g, 6.11 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.47 g, 7.34 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in dimethoxyethane (15 mL) was added KOtert-Bu (0.96 g, 8.56 mmol, 1.4 equiv), (R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(dicyclohexyl-phosphino)-ferrocenyl]ethyl-di-tert-butylphosphine (3.39 mg, 0.0061 mmol, 0.1 mol %; Josiphos ligand [CAS RN 158923-11-6]; commercially available from Strem Chemicals, USA) and palladium(II) acetate (1.37 mg, 0.0061 mmol, 0.1 mol %). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane (+1% triethylamine)/ethyl acetate providing 0.83 g (42%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.42-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.92-1.93 (m, 2H), 2.89 (br s, 2H), 3.97-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.35 (m, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO): δ 28.09, 31.42, 42.99, 47.39, 78.50, 109.41, 117.77, 123.10, 125.29, 126.38, 129.60, 136.67, 141.31, 153.91, 154.49. MS (ISP): 328.5 [M+H]³⁰.

Step 2: Isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.83 g, 2.54 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (100 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 228.6 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B13 (3-Chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(3-Chloro-isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a degassed solution of 1,3-dichloro-isoquinoline (3.00 g, 15.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3.64 g, 18.18 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) in toluene (35 mL) was added KOtert-Bu (2.38 g, 21.21 mmol, 1.4 equiv), rac-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (0.38 g, 0.61 mmol, 0.04 equiv) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)-dipalladium(0) (0.31 g, 0.30 mmol, 0.02 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 18 h, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane (+1% triethylamine)/ethyl acetate providing 1.14 g (21%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.41-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.90-1.91 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.97-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.27 (m, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.66 (m, 2H), 8.29 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). MS (ISN): 360.0 [M−H]⁻.

Step 2: (3-Chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.14 g, 3.15 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (100 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 262.3 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B14 5-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride

Step 1: 4-(Isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A solution of 5-chloro-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.33 g, 7.68 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2.00 g, 10.00 mmol, 1.3 equiv; commercially available) in N-ethyl diisopropylamine (12 mL) and acetonitrile (16 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 160° C. for 40 min. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate providing 1.62 g (63%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.27-1.41 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.86-1.90 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.97 (m, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.85-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.96-4.03 (m, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H). MS (ISP): 337.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 5-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride

A solution of 4-(isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.62 g, 4.82 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (100 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 237.1 [M+H]⁺.

The aldehyde intermediates E1 to E21 were prepared following literature precedents or in analogy to literature precedents or as described below.

Synthesis of Aldehyde Intermediates E1 to E21 to be used in Table 4

Intermediate E1 3-Ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde

The title compound was prepared according to the procedure described for the synthesis of 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2, vide infra) starting from 4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-benzoic acid in 73% overall yield after purification by flash column chromatography on silica eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (10:1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.32 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 4.12 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.56 (m, 2H), 9.87 (s, 1H). MS (ISP): 186.1 [M+NH₄]⁺.

Intermediate E2 4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 85259-46-7]

To a solution of 4-chloro-3-hydroxy-benzoic acid (3.0 g, 17.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (15 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (4.81 g, 34.8 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and ethyl iodide (4.03 mL, 5.97 g, 38.2 mmol, 2.2 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h at rt, diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to afford 3.6 g (91%) of 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester. The crude ester was then dissolved in THF (20 mL) and cooled to −78° C. under Ar. A solution of diisobutylaluminium hydride (95 mL, 95.0 mmol, 6.0 equiv; 1.0 M solution in THF) was slowly added over a time period of 15 min, the cooling bath removed on completion of addition and the reaction allowed to reach 0° C. After stirring for 1 h, the reaction was cooled to −78° C. and the excess hydride quenched by cautious addition of a solution of 1 M HCl (10 mL). The mixture was brought to rt, the organic phase separated and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure providing 2.94 g (100%) of 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl alcohol. The crude alcohol (2.94 g, 15.75 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 mL) and activated MnO₂ (5.48 g, 63.0 mmol, 4.0 equiv) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h, after which time the reaction was filtered through Hyflo Super Cel and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica eluting with heptane/ethyl acetate (4:1) to yield 1.51 g (52%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.51 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.37-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 9.94 (s, 1H).

Intermediate E3 3,5-Diethoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 120355-79-5]

The title compound was prepared analogously to 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10, vide infra) by reaction of 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde with ethyl iodide in DMF using K₂CO₃ as base.

Intermediate E4 3,5-Diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 94169-64-9]

To a solution of 3,5-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde (5.0 g, 36.20 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous DMF (30 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (15.0 g, 108.60 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and 2-bromo-propane (13.36 g, 10.20 mL, 108.60 mmol, 3.0 equiv) and the mixture stirred at 100° C. for 18 h. The K₂CO₃ was removed by filtration and the organic phase concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added a sat. solution of NaCl (100 mL) and the solution extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and the product purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate affording 6.64 g (83%) of the title compound and 0.59 g (9%) of 3-hydroxy-5-isopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E19, vide infra). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.35 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 12H), 4.59 (hept, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 6.66-6.68 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.97 (m, 2H), 9.88 (s, 1H). MS (ISP): 223.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate E5 3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde

Step 1: tert-Butyl-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-dimethyl-silane

To a solution of (4-fluoro-phenyl)-methanol (12.16 g, 96.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous DMF (50 mL) at 0° C. under Ar was added imidazole (7.22 g, 106.1 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and tert-butyl-chloro-dimethyl-silane (15.99 g, 106.1 mmol, 1.1 equiv). After the addition was completed the cooling bath was removed and the reaction stirred for 18 h at rt. The reaction mixture was poured on ice, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL) and the combined organic phases washed with a sat. solution of Na₂CO₃ (2×100 mL) and NaCl (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure yielding a brown oil that was purified by high vacuum destillation (bp 32-35° C. at 0.1 mbar) to give 23.0 g (99%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.00 (s, 6H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.89-6.94 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.20 (m, 2H). MS (EI): 183.1 [M-tert-Bu]⁺.

Step 2: 5-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-fluoro-phenol

To a solution of tert-butyl-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-dimethyl-silane (5.00 g, 20.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added at −78° C. under Ar a solution of sec-BuLi (17.6 mL, 22.8 mmol, 1.1 equiv; 1.3 M solution in hexane) within 30 min. Then a solution of trimethyl borate (2.37 mL, 2.20 g, 20.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (7.5 mL) was added slowly within 30 min and the cooling bath removed. A solution of conc. acetic acid (2.78 mL, 1.87 g, 31.2 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was slowly added followed by addition of a solution of 35% hydrogen peroxide in water (2.0 mL, 2.23 g, 22.9 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the reaction mixture kept at 0° C. for 30 min. After stirring at rt for an additional 4 h, the reaction was extracted with diethyl ether (2×100 mL) and the combined organic phases washed with a solution of 10% NaOH (2×100 mL) and a sat. solution of NaCl (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (19:1) providing 4.80 g (90%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.00 (s, 6H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.97 (br s, 1H), 6.68-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.94 (m, 2H). MS (EI): 256.2 [M]⁺.

Step 3: 2-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-1-fluoro-benzene

To a solution of 5-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-fluoro-phenol (4.60 g, 17.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) at 0° C. under Ar was added imidazole (1.34 g, 19.7 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and tert-butyl-chloro-dimethyl-silane (2.97 g, 19.7 mmol, 1.1 equiv). After the addition was completed the cooling bath was removed and the reaction stirred for 18 h at rt. The reaction mixture was poured on ice, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL) and the combined organic phases washed with a sat. solution of Na₂CO₃ (2×100 mL) and NaCl (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure yielding 4.50 g (68%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.00 (s, 6H), 0.10 (s, 6H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 6.71-6.74 (m, 1H), 6.80-6.83 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.92 (m, 1H). MS (EI): 370.2 [M]⁺.

Step 4: 3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-fluoro-phenol

To a solution of 2-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-4-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-1-fluoro-benzene (23.70 g, 63.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (130 mL) was added at −78° C. under Ar a solution of sec-BuLi (54.5 mL, 71.6 mmol, 1.1 equiv; 1.3 M solution in hexane) within 30 min. Then a solution of trimethyl borate (7.13 mL, 6.64 g, 63.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in anhydrous THF (30 mL) was added slowly within 30 min and the cooling bath removed. A solution of conc. acetic acid (5.49 mL, 5.76 g, 95.9 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was slowly added followed by addition of a solution of 35% hydrogen peroxide in water (6.2 mL, 6.83 g, 70.3 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the reaction mixture kept at 0° C. for 30 min. After stirring at rt for an additional 4 h, the reaction was extracted with diethyl ether (2×100 mL) and the combined organic phases washed with a solution of 10% NaOH (2×100 mL) and a sat. solution of NaCl (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (19:1) providing 15.80 g (64%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.00 (s, 6H), 0.10 (s, 6H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.93 (br s, 1H), 6.37 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d j=5.6 Hz, 1H). MS (EI): 329.2 [M-tert-Bu]⁺.

Step 5: tert-Butyl-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-dimethyl-silane

To a solution of 3-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-5-(tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-fluoro-phenol (5.80 g, 15.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (60 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (4.56 g, 33.0 mmol, 2.2 equiv) and ethyl bromide (2.46 mL, 3.60 g, 33.0 mmol, 2.2 equiv) and the reaction mixture stirred under Ar at 60° C. for 5 h. The K₂CO₃ was removed by filtration, the crude reaction mixture concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, the residue extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL), the combined organic phases washed with water (2×100 ml) and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (99:1) providing 3.10 g (63%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.00 (s, 6H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 1.33 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 4.00 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 6.47 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H). MS (ISP): 329.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 6: (3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-phenyl)-methanol

To a solution of tert-butyl-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-dimethyl-silane (1.20 g, 3.65 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in methanol (8 mL) was added Dowex 50W-X8 (0.33 g, cation exchange resin) and the reaction mixture stirred under Ar at rt for 22 h. The resin was removed by filtration and the reaction mixture concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure yielding the title compound in quantitative yield (0.78 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.57 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 4.51 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 6.51 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H). MS (EI): 214.2 [M]⁺.

Step 7: 3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde

To a solution of (3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-phenyl)-methanol (2.30 g, 10.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (50 mL) was added activated MnO₂ (2.89 g, 33.3 mmol, 3.1 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred for 21 h at 50° C. and then filtered through Hyflo Super Cel providing after evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure 1.90 g (83%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.38 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 4.09 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 7.04 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 9.75 (s, 1H). MS (EI): 212.1 [M]⁺.

Intermediate E6 4-Chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde

Step 1: 4-Chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of 4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester (5.1 g, 20.13 mmol, 1.0 equiv; prepared as described in I. Kompis and A. Wick Helv. Chim. Acta 1977, 60, 3025-3034) in water (40 mL) and 37% HCl (40 mL) at 0° C. was added sodium nitrite (1.67 g, 24.16 mmol, 1.2 equiv). After 10 min, copper(I) chloride (12.0 g, 120.81 mmol, 6.0 equiv) was added, the reaction mixture stirred for an additional 5 h at 0° C. and then the ice bath removed. After stirring for 18 h, the crude reaction mixture was adjusted to pH=8 by addition of a solution of 1 M NaOH and the aqueous layer extraced with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate providing 5.0 g (91%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.32 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.40 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 4.09 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 4.30 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 13.33, 13.66, 60.29, 64.16, 105.75, 115.88, 128.25, 154.49, 165.01. MS (ISP): 273.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: (4-Chloro-3,5-diethoxy-phenyl)-methanol

To a solution of 4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester (5.0 g, 18.33 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dichloromethane (25 mL) was added slowly over a time period of 15 min under slight cooling to −30° C. a solution of diisobutylaluminum hydride (55.0 mL, 55.00 mmol, 3.0 equiv; 1.0 M solution in THF). After 30 min, the excess hydride was quenched by cautious addition of methanol (10 mL) and water (2 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min, a solution of 1 M HCl was added and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure providing 4.0 g (95%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.45 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.93 (br s, 1H), 4.09 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 6.57 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 14.74, 64.96, 65.18, 104.30, 110.65, 140.29, 155.66. MS (ISP): 231.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 4-Chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of (4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-phenyl)-methanol (4.0 g, 17.34 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (40 mL) was added activated MnO₂ (15.08 g, 173.4 mmol, 10.0 equiv) and the reaction mixture stirred for 18 h at rt. Filtration through Hyflo Super Cel and purification of the crude material by silica column chromatography using a MPLC system (CombiFlash Companion, Isco Inc.) eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate provided 3.7 g (92%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.50 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 4.19 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 7.07 (s, 2H), 9.89 (s, 1H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 14.61, 65.22, 106.26, 118.64, 135.08, 156.22, 191.01. MS (EI): 229.4 [M]⁺.

Intermediate E7 4-Bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 363166-11-4]

The title compound was prepared from 4-bromo-3,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid as described in S. P. Dudek, H. D. Sikes and C. E. D. Chidsey J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8033-8038.

Intermediate E8 4-Amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde

Step 1: (4-Amino-3,5-diethoxy-phenyl)-methanol

To a solution of 4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester (2.8 g, 11.05 mmol, 1.0 equiv; prepared as described in I. Kompis, A. Wick Helv. Chim. Acta 1977, 60, 3025-3034) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0° C. under Ar was slowly added diisobutylaluminium hydride (27.6 mL, 27.64 mmol, 2.5 equiv; 1.0 M solution in dichloromethane) over a time period of 15 min and the cooling bath removed on completion of addition. After stirring for 18 h, the excess hydride was quenched by cautious addition of a sat. solution of potassium sodium tartrate (10 mL). The solidified mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (5×200 mL) and THF (2×150 mL), the combined organic phases washed with water (3×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate (4:1→1:1) providing 1.10 g (47%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.42 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 3.82 (br s, 2H), 4.05 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.54 (s, 2H), 6.50 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 15.03, 64.21, 66.00, 104.51, 125.44, 129.89, 146.71. MS (ISP): 211.9 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 4-Amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of (4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-phenyl)-methanol (0.79 g, 3.74 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (20 mL) was added activated MnO₂ (1.63 g, 18.70 mmol, 5.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at rt, filtered through Hyflo Super Cel, the filtrate extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL) and the combined organic phases dried over Mg50₄ providing 0.69 g (88%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.46 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 4.15 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (br s, 2H), 7.04 (s, 2H), 9.70 (s, 1H). MS (ISP): 210.0 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate E9 3,5-Diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzaldehyde

Step 1: 3,5-Diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzoic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of 4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester (3.0 g, 11.84 mmol, 1.0 equiv; prepared as described in I. Kompis and A. Wick Helv. Chim. Acta 1977, 60, 3025-3034) in heptane (10 mL) and conc. acetic acid (0.2 mL) was added 2,5-dimethoxy-tetrahydro-furan (1.88 g, 14.21 mmol, 1.2 equiv). After heating to reflux for 5 h, a Dean-Stark apparatus was attached and the reaction mixture heated for an additional time period of 5 h. Filtration of the crude reaction mixture and crystallization at 0° C. from heptane provided 2.94 g (82%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.15 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 3.98 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 4.28 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.07-6.08 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.74 (m, 2H), 7.22 (s, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO): δ 14.11, 14.35, 61.06, 64.57, 106.87, 107.64, 122.61, 123.33, 129.29, 153.75, 165.06. MS (ISP): 303.4 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 3,5-Diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzoic acid ethyl ester (1.51 g, 4.98 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in toluene (5 mL) was added slowly over a time period of 15 min under slight cooling to 20° C. a solution of diisobutylaluminium hydride (8.9 mL, 12.45 mmol, 2.5 equiv; 20% solution in toluene). After 1 h the excess hydride was quenched by cautious addition of water (10 mL) and a 28% solution of NaOH (2 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min and the organic phase filtered over Hyflo Super Cel. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (2×50 mL), the combined organic phases washed with a sat. solution of NaCl (2×50 mL) and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to afford 1.30 g (100%) of (3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-phenyl)-methanol. The crude alcohol (1.30 g, 4.98 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in toluene (20 mL) and activated MnO₂ (7.79 g, 89.5 mmol, 18.0 equiv) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 7 h, after which time the reaction mixture was filtered through Hyflo Super Cel and concentrated yielding 1.15 g (89% yield) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.17 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), 4.02 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 4H), 6.08-6.09 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.76 (m, 2H), 7.25 (s, 2H), 9.89 (s, 1H). MS (ISP): 260.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate E10 3-Ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 157143-20-9]

The title compound was prepared by reaction of commercially available 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde with ethyl iodide in DMF using K₂CO₃ as base in analogy to the procedure described in M. J. Ashton, D. C. Cook, G. Fenton, J.-A. Karlsson, M. N. Palfreyman, D. Raeburn, A. J. Ratcliffe, J. E. Souness, S. Thurairatnam and N. Vicker J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 1696-1703.

Intermediate E11 4-Methoxy-3-propoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 5922-56-5]

The title compound was prepared by reaction of isovanillin with propyl iodide in DMF using K₂CO₃ as base in analogy to the preparation of 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10).

Intermediate E12 3-Isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 57724-26-2]

The title compound was prepared by reaction of isovanillin with 1-bromo-2-methyl propane as described in WO 04/000 806 A1 (Elbion AG).

Intermediate E13 3,5-Diethoxy-4-iodo-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 338454-05-0]

The title compound was prepared as described in WO 01/326 33 A1 (F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG).

Intermediate E14 3-Ethoxy-4-iodo-5-methoxymethoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 338451-02-8]

The title compound was prepared as described in WO 01/032 633 A1 (F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG).

Intermediate E15 3-Ethoxy-4-(1-ethyl-propoxy)-benzaldehyde

The title compound was prepared analogously to 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) by reaction of 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde with 3-bromo-pentane in DMF using K₂CO₃ as base. MS (ISP): 237.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate E16 3-Allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde [CAS RN 225939-36-6]

The title compound was prepared analogously to 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) by reaction of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde with allylbromide in DMF using K₂CO₃ as base (see also A. W. White, R. Almassy, A. H. Calvert, N. J. Curtin, R. J. Griffin, Z. Hostomsky, K. Maegley, D. R. Newell, S. Srinivasan and B. T. Golding J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 4084-4097).

Intermediate E17 3-Butoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde

The title compound was prepared analogously to 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) by reaction of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde with 4-bromo-butane in DMF using K₂CO₃ as base. MS (ISP): 209.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate E18 8-Ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene-6-carbaldehyde [CAS RN 210404-30-9]

The title compound was prepared according to WO 01/083 476 A1 (Hoffmann-La Roche AG).

Intermediate E19 3-Hydroxy-5-isopropoxy-benzaldehyde

Isolated as a side-product in the synthesis of 3,5-diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.34 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 4.58 (hept, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (br s, 1H), 6.68-6.69 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.98 (m, 2H), 9.85 (s, 1H). MS (ISN): 179.1 [M−H]⁻.

Intermediate E20 2,6-Diethoxy-4-formyl-benzoic acid ethyl ester [CAS RN 55687-55-3]

The title compound was prepared as described in DE 243 59 34 (F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG).

Intermediate E21 3-(2-Fluoro-ethoxy)-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (10.0 g, 66.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) in anhydrous DMF (40 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (13.6 g, 99.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and 1-bromo-2-fluoro-ethane (9.2 mg, 72.0 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and the mixture stirred at rt for 48 h. The K₂CO₃ was removed by filtration and the organic phase concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added a sat. solution of NaCl (100 mL) and the solution extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and the product crystallized from a mixture of isopropanol/diethylether to yield 12.69 g (97%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO): δ 3.89 (s, 3H), 4.24-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.37 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.83-4.86 (m, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 9.84 (s, 1H). MS (ISP): 198.6 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 39 to 188

According to the procedure described for the synthesis of example 38/step 3 further pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline and pyrazine derivatives have been synthesized from 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (intermediate B2), 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinamide dihydrochloride (intermediate B3), 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic acid dihydrochloride (intermediate B4), piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B5), piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B6), 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B7), piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B8), (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B9), (4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B10), (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B11), isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B12), (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B13) and 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B14) and the respective benzaldehyde intermediate as indicated in Table 4. The results are compiled in Table 4 and comprise example 39 to example 188.

TABLE 4 ISP [M + H]⁺ or M − H]⁻ No MW Compound Name Starting Materials found 39 354.43 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 355.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinonitrile fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 40 370.88 6-[1-(4-chloro-3- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 371.2 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 4-chloro-3- nicotinonitrile ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 41 352.44 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ hydroxy-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 352.6 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinonitrile hydroxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 42 380.49 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 380.7 ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 3,5- nicotinonitrile diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 43 408.55 6-[1-(3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diisopropoxy-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 409.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 3,5- nicotinonitrile diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 44 398.48 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 399.1 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 3,5- nicotinonitrile diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 45 414.94 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 414.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 4-chloro- nicotinonitrile 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 46 459.39 6-[1-(4-bromo-3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 459.2 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 4-bromo- nicotinonitrile 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E7) 47 395.51 6-[1-(4-amino-3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 396.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 4-amino- nicotinonitrile 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E8) 48 445.57 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- nicotinonitrile dihydrochloride 445.8 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B2) and 3,5- nicotinonitrile diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl- benzaldehyde (intermediate E9) 49 368.48 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ methyl-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 368.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinamide methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 50 372.44 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 372.6 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinamide fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 51 388.17 6-[1-(4-chloro-3- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 389.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 4-chloro-3- nicotinamide ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 52 370.45 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ hydroxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 370.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinamide hydroxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 53 384.48 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 384.6 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinamide methoxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 54 398.51 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ propoxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 399.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 4-methoxy- nicotinamide 3-propoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) 55 412.53 6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 413.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3- nicotinamide isobutoxy-4-methoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) 56 398.51 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 398.7 ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3,5- nicotinamide diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 57 426.56 6-[1-(3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diisopropoxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 426.8 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3,5- nicotinamide diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 58 416.22 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 417.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3,5- nicotinamide diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 59 432.95 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 432.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 4-chloro- nicotinamide 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 60 413.52 6-[1-(4-amino-3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 413.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 4-amino- nicotinamide 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E8) 61 463.58 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 464.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3,5- nicotinamide diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl- benzaldehyde (intermediate E9) 62 369.46 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ methyl-benzyl)- nicotinamide dihydrochloride 369.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B3) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinic acid methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 63 373.43 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- acid dihydrochloride 373.6 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B4) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinic acid fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 64 389.88 6-[1-(4-chloro-3- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- acid dihydrochloride 389.6 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B4) and 4-chloro-3- nicotinic acid ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 65 371.44 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ hydroxy-benzyl)- acid dihydrochloride 371.6 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B4) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinic acid hydroxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 66 385.46 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- acid dihydrochloride 385.6 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B4) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinic acid methoxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 67 399.49 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- acid dihydrochloride 399.7 ylamino]-nicotinic (intermediate B4) and 3,5- acid diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 68 427.54 6-[1-(3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ diisopropoxy-benzyl)- acid dihydrochloride 427.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B4) and 3,5- nicotinic acid diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 69 417.48 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- acid dihydrochloride 417.7 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B4) and 3,5- nicotinic acid diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 70 433.93 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-nicotinic [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- acid dihydrochloride 433.9 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B4) and 4-chloro- nicotinic acid 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 71 413.17 [1-(4-chloro-3- piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine 414.3 piperidin-4-yl]-[5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B5) (1H-tetrazol-5-yl)- and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy- pyridin-2-yl]-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 72 409.22 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine 410.4 piperidin-4-yl]-[5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B5) (1H-tetrazol-5-yl)- and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- pyridin-2-yl]-amine benzaldehyde (commercially available) 73 451.27 [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy- piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine 452.3 yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B5) yl)-pyridin-2-yl]- and 3,5-diisopropoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 74 441.23 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine 442.4 piperidin-4-yl]-[5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B5) (1H-tetrazol-5-yl)- and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro- pyridin-2-yl]-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 75 501.15 [1-(4-bromo-3,5- piperidin-4-yl-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine 502.5 piperidin-4-yl]-[5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B5) (1H-tetrazol-5-yl)- and 4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy- pyridin-2-yl]-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E7) 76 393.45 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ methyl-benzyl)- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 394.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) trifluoromethyl- and 3-ethoxy-4-methyl- pyridin-2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 77 413.87 [1-(4-chloro-3- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 414.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) trifluoromethyl- and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy- pyridin-2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 78 409.45 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 410.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) trifluoromethyl- and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- pyridin-2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (commercially available) 79 423.48 [1-(4-methoxy-3- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ propoxy-benzyl)- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 424.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) trifluoromethyl- and 4-methoxy-3-propoxy- pyridin-2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) 80 423.48 [1-(3,5-diethoxy- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 424.3 yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) pyridin-2-yl)-amine and 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 81 441.47 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 442.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) trifluoromethyl- and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro- pyridin-2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 82 549.37 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ iodo-benzyl)- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 550.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) trifluoromethyl- and 3,5-diethoxy-4-iodo- pyridin-2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E13) 83 565.37 [1-(3-ethoxy-4-iodo- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ 5-methoxymethoxy- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 566.2 benzyl)-piperidin-4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl- and 3-ethoxy-4-iodo-5- pyridin-2-yl)-amine methoxymethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E14) 84 488.55 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-(5-trifluoromethyl- [M + H]⁺ pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 489.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- dihydrochloride (intermediate B6) trifluoromethyl- and 3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl- pyridin-2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E9) 85 471.91 6-[1-(4-chloro-3- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid 472.2 piperidin-4-ylamino]- methyl ester dihydrochloride 4-trifluoromethyl- (intermediate B7) and 4-chloro-3- nicotinic acid methyl ethoxy-benzaldehyde ester (intermediate E2) 86 453.46 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4- [M + H]⁺ hydroxy-benzyl)- trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid 454.2 piperidin-4-ylamino]- methyl ester dihydrochloride 4-trifluoromethyl- (intermediate B7) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinic acid methyl hydroxy-benzaldehyde ester (commercially available) 87 467.49 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid 468.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- methyl ester dihydrochloride 4-trifluoromethyl- (intermediate B7) and 3-ethoxy-4- nicotinic acid methyl methoxy-benzaldehyde ester (commercially available) 88 481.51 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4- [M + H]⁺ propoxy-benzyl)- trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid 482.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- methyl ester dihydrochloride 4-trifluoromethyl- (intermediate B7) and 4-methoxy- nicotinic acid methyl 3-propoxy-benzaldehyde ester (intermediate E11) 89 495.54 6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4- 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid 496.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- methyl ester dihydrochloride 4-trifluoromethyl- (intermediate B7) and 3- nicotinic acid methyl isobutoxy-4-methoxy- ester benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) 90 375.52 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ methyl-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 376.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 3-ethoxy-4- quinolin-2-yl-amine methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 91 379.48 [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- amine dihydrochloride 380.4 yl]-quinolin-2-yl- (intermediate B8) and 3-ethoxy-4- amine fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 92 395.93 [1-(4-chloro-3- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 396.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 4-chloro-3- quinolin-2-yl-amine ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 93 391.51 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 392.2 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 3-ethoxy-4- quinolin-2-yl-amine methoxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 94 447.62 {1-[3-ethoxy-4-(1- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ ethyl-propoxy)- amine dihydrochloride 448.2 benzyl]-piperidin-4- (intermediate B8) and 3-ethoxy-4- yl}-quinolin-2-yl- (1-ethyl-propoxy)-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E15) 95 405.54 [1-(4-methoxy-3- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ propoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 406.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 4-methoxy- quinolin-2-yl-amine 3-propoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) 96 403.53 [1-(3-allyloxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 404.5 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 3-allyloxy- quinolin-2-yl-amine 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E16) 97 419.57 [1-(3-butoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 420.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 3-butoxy- quinolin-2-yl-amine 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E17) 98 419.57 [1-(3-isobutoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 420.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 3- quinolin-2-yl-amine isobutoxy-4-methoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) 99 443.59 [1-(8-ethoxy-2,2- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ dimethyl-2H- amine dihydrochloride 444.4 chromen-6-ylmethyl)- (intermediate B8) and 8-ethoxy- piperidin-4-yl]- 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene-6- quinolin-2-yl-amine carbaldehyde (intermediate E18) 100 405.54 [1-(3,5-diethoxy- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- amine dihydrochloride 406.4 yl]-quinolin-2-yl- (intermediate B8) and 3,5- amine diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 101 391.51 3-isopropoxy-5-[4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ (quinolin-2-ylamino)- amine dihydrochloride 392.2 piperidin-1-ylmethyl]- (intermediate B8) and 3-hydroxy- phenol 5-isopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E19) 102 433.60 [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- amine dihydrochloride 434.4 yl]-quinolin-2-yl- (intermediate B8) and 3,5- amine diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 103 423.53 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 424.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 3,5- quinolin-2-yl-amine diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 104 439.99 [1-(4-chloro-3,5- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 440.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 4-chloro- quinolin-2-yl-amine 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 105 484.44 [1-(4-bromo-3,5- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 484.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 4-bromo- quinolin-2-yl-amine 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E7) 106 420.56 [1-(4-amino-3,5- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 421.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 4-amino- quinolin-2-yl-amine 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E8) 107 470.62 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-quinolin-2-yl- [M + H]⁺ pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 471.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B8) and 3,5- quinolin-2-yl-amine diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl- benzaldehyde (intermediate E9) 108 389.54 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ methyl-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 390.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 3-ethoxy-4-methyl- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 109 393.51 [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 394.4 yl]-(4-methyl- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) quinolin-2-yl)-amine and 3-ethoxy-4-fluoro- benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 110 409.96 [1-(4-chloro-3- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 410.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 111 405.54 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 406.5 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- amine benzaldehyde (commercially available) 112 405.54 3-isopropoxy-5-[4-(4- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ methyl-quinolin-2- piperidin-4-yl-amine 406.5 ylamino)-piperidin-1- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) ylmethyl]-phenol and 3-hydroxy-5-isopropoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E19) 113 447.62 [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 448.2 yl]-(4-methyl- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) quinolin-2-yl)-amine and 3,5-diisopropoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 114 437.56 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 438.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 115 454.01 [1-(4-chloro-3,5- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 454.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 116 498.47 [1-(4-bromo-3,5- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 498.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E7) 117 434.58 [1-(4-amino-3,5- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 435.5 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 4-amino-3,5-diethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E8) 118 484.64 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- (4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 485.5 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate B9) methyl-quinolin-2-yl)- and 3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E9) 119 409.96 (4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- (4-chloro-quinolin-2- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 410.4 methyl-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B10) and 3-ethoxy-4-methyl- benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 120 430.38 [1-(4-chloro-3- (4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 430.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- B10) and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 121 474.43 [1-(4-chloro-3,5- (4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 474.2 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- B10) and 4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 122 455.00 [1-(4-amino-3,5- (4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 455.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(4- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- B10) and 4-amino-3,5-diethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E8) 123 409.96 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 410.3 methyl-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B11) and 3-ethoxy-4-methyl- benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 124 430.38 [1-(4-chloro-3- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 430.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(8- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- B11) and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 125 411.93 4-[4-(8-chloro- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ quinolin-2-ylamino)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 412.2 piperidin-1-ylmethyl]- dihydrochloride (intermediate 2-ethoxy-phenol B11) and 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy- benzaldehyde (commercially available) 126 425.96 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 426.2 methoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B11) and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- benzaldehyde (commercially available) 127 482.07 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-{1-[3-ethoxy-4-(1- piperidin-4-yl-amine 482.4 ethyl-propoxy)- dihydrochloride (intermediate benzyl]-piperidin-4- B11) and 3-ethoxy-4-(1-ethyl- yl}-amine propoxy)-benzaldehyde (intermediate E15) 128 439.99 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(4-methoxy-3- piperidin-4-yl-amine 440.3 propoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B11) and 4-methoxy-3-propoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) 129 437.97 [1-(3-allyloxy-4- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 438.2 piperidin-4-yl]-(8- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- B11) and 3-allyloxy-4-methoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E16) 130 454.01 [1-(3-butoxy-4- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 454.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(8- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- B11) and 3-butoxy-4-methoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E17) 131 454.01 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 454.4 methoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B11) and 3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) 132 478.04 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2- piperidin-4-yl-amine 478.2 dimethyl-2H- dihydrochloride (intermediate chromen-6-ylmethyl)- B11) and 8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl- piperidin-4-yl]-amine 2H-chromene-6-carbaldehyde (intermediate E18) 133 439.99 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy- piperidin-4-yl-amine 440.3 benzyl)-piperidin-4- dihydrochloride (intermediate yl]-amine B11) and 3,5-diethoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 134 512.05 4-[4-(8-chloro- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ quinolin-2-ylamino)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 512.3 piperidin-1-ylmethyl]- dihydrochloride (intermediate 2,6-diethoxy-benzoic B11) and 2,6-diethoxy-4-formyl- acid ethyl ester benzoic acid ethyl ester (intermediate E20) 135 457.98 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy- piperidin-4-yl-amine 458.2 4-fluoro-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B11) and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro- benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 136 518.89 [1-(4-bromo-3,5- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 520.2 piperidin-4-yl]-(8- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- B11) and 4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E7) 137 505.06 (8-chloro-quinolin-2- (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)- [M + H]⁺ yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy- piperidin-4-yl-amine 505.2 4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B11) and 3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1- yl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E9) 138 375.52 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ methyl-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 376.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 3-ethoxy- isoquinolin-1-yl- 4-methyl-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E10) 139 379.48 [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- amine dihydrochloride 380.4 yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl- (intermediate B12) and 3-ethoxy- amine 4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 140 395.93 [1-(4-chloro-3- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 396.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 4-chloro- isoquinolin-1-yl- 3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E2) 141 391.51 [1-(3-ethoxy-4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 392.2 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 3-ethoxy- isoquinolin-1-yl- 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde amine (commercially available) 142 405.54 isoquinolin-1-yl-[1- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ (4-methoxy-3- amine dihydrochloride 406.4 propoxy-benzyl)- (intermediate B12) and 4- piperidin-4-yl]-amine methoxy-3-propoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) 143 403.53 [1-(3-allyloxy-4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 404.5 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 3-allyloxy- isoquinolin-1-yl- 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E16) 144 419.57 [1-(3-butoxy-4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 420.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 3-butoxy- isoquinolin-1-yl- 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E17) 145 419.57 [1-(3-isobutoxy-4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 420.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 3- isoquinolin-1-yl- isobutoxy-4-methoxy- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) 146 443.59 [1-(8-ethoxy-2,2- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ dimethyl-2H- amine dihydrochloride 444.4 chromen-6-ylmethyl)- (intermediate B12) and 8-ethoxy- piperidin-4-yl]- 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene-6- isoquinolin-1-yl- carbaldehyde (intermediate E18) amine 147 405.54 [1-(3,5-diethoxy- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- amine dihydrochloride 406.4 yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl- (intermediate B12) and 3,5- amine diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 148 391.51 3-isopropoxy-5-[4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ (isoquinolin-1- amine dihydrochloride 392.2 ylamino)-piperidin-1- (intermediate B12) and 3- ylmethyl]-phenol hydroxy-5-isopropoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E19) 149 433.60 [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- amine dihydrochloride 434.4 yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl- (intermediate B12) and 3,5- amine diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 150 423.53 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 424.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 3,5- isoquinolin-1-yl- diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E5) 151 439.99 [1-(4-chloro-3,5- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 440.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 4-chloro- isoquinolin-1-yl- 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E6) 152 484.44 [1-(4-bromo-3,5- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 484.3 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 4-bromo- isoquinolin-1-yl- 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde amine (intermediate E7) 153 470.62 [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- isoquinolin-1-yl-piperidin-4-yl- [M + H]⁺ pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- amine dihydrochloride 471.4 piperidin-4-yl]- (intermediate B12) and 3,5- isoquinolin-1-yl- diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl- amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E9) 154 409.96 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 410.4 methyl-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 3-ethoxy-4-methyl- benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 155 413.92 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 414.3 fluoro-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 3-ethoxy-4-fluoro- benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 156 430.38 [1-(4-chloro-3- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 430.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(3- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-isoquinolin-1- B13) and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy- yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 157 411.93 4-[4-(3-chloro- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ isoquinolin-1- piperidin-4-yl-amine 412.5 ylamino)-piperidin-1- dihydrochloride (intermediate ylmethyl]-2-ethoxy- B13) and 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy- phenol benzaldehyde (commercially available) 158 425.96 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 426.3 methoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy- benzaldehyde (commercially available) 159 461.94 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 462.4 difluoromethoxy-3- dihydrochloride (intermediate ethoxy-benzyl)- B13) and 4-difluoromethoxy-3- piperidin-4-yl]-amine ethoxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 160 454.01 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 454.3 isopropoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxy- benzaldehyde (commercially available) 161 468.04 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- piperidin-4-yl-amine 468.4 isobutoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 3-ethoxy-4-isobutoxy- benzaldehyde (commercially available) 162 439.99 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(4-methoxy- piperidin-4-yl-amine 440.4 3-propoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 4-methoxy-3-propoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) 163 437.97 [1-(3-allyloxy-4- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 438.3 piperidin-4-yl]-(3- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-isoquinolin-1- B13) and 3-allyloxy-4-methoxy- yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E16) 164 454.01 [1-(3-butoxy-4- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 454.2 piperidin-4-yl]-(3- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-isoquinolin-1- B13) and 3-butoxy-4-methoxy- yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E17) 165 454.01 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3-isobutoxy- piperidin-4-yl-amine 454.3 4-methoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) 166 478.04 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(8-ethoxy- piperidin-4-yl-amine 478.2 2,2-dimethyl-2H- dihydrochloride (intermediate chromen-6-ylmethyl)- B13) and 8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl- piperidin-4-yl]-amine 2H-chromene-6-carbaldehyde (intermediate E18) 167 439.99 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3,5- piperidin-4-yl-amine 440.4 diethoxy-benzyl)- dihydrochloride (intermediate piperidin-4-yl]-amine B13) and 3,5-diethoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 168 457.98 (3-chloro-isoquinolin- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ 1-yl)-[1-(3,5- piperidin-4-yl-amine 458.4 diethoxy-4-fluoro- dihydrochloride (intermediate benzyl)-piperidin-4- B13) and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro- yl]-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 169 474.43 [1-(4-chloro-3,5- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 474.2 piperidin-4-yl]-(3- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-isoquinolin-1- B13) and 4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 170 518.89 [1-(4-bromo-3,5- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 520.2 piperidin-4-yl]-(3- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-isoquinolin-1- B13) and 4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy- yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E7) 171 455.00 [1-(4-amino-3,5- (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- piperidin-4-yl-amine 455.4 piperidin-4-yl]-(3- dihydrochloride (intermediate chloro-isoquinolin-1- B13) and 4-amino-3,5-diethoxy- yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E8) 172 384.48 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ methyl-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 384.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3-ethoxy- acid methyl ester 4-methyl-benzaldehyde (intermediate E10) 173 388.44 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 389.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3-ethoxy- acid methyl ester 4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E1) 174 404.90 5-[1-(4-chloro-3- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 405.8 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 4-chloro- acid methyl ester 3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) 175 386.45 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ hydroxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 387.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3-ethoxy- acid methyl ester 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 176 400.48 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 401.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3-ethoxy- acid methyl ester 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 177 428.53 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ isopropoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 429.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3-ethoxy- acid methyl ester 4-isopropoxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) 178 414.51 5-[1-(4-methoxy-3- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ propoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 415.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 4- acid methyl ester methoxy-3-propoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) 179 418.47 5-{1-[3-(2-fluoro- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ ethoxy)-4-methoxy- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 419.2 benzyl]-piperidin-4- ester dihydrochloride ylamino}-pyrazine-2- (intermediate B14) and 3-(2- carboxylic acid methyl fluoro-ethoxy)-4-methoxy- ester benzaldehyde (intermediate E21) 180 428.53 5-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ methoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 429.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3- acid methyl ester isobutoxy-4-methoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) 181 452.55 5-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ dimethyl-2H- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 453.2 chromen-6-ylmethyl)- ester dihydrochloride piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B14) and 8-ethoxy- pyrazine-2-carboxylic 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene-6- acid methyl ester carbaldehyde (intermediate E18) 182 414.51 5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ benzyl)-piperidin-4- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 415.4 ylamino]-pyrazine-2- ester dihydrochloride carboxylic acid methyl (intermediate B14) and 3,5- ester diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E3) 183 442.56 5-[1-(3,5- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diisopropoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 443.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3,5- acid methyl ester diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) 184 432.50 5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 433.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3,5- acid methyl ester diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 185 448.95 5-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 449.2 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 4-chloro- acid methyl ester 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 186 493.41 5-[1-(4-bromo-3,5- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 495.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 4-bromo- acid methyl ester 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E7) 187 429.52 5-[1-(4-amino-3,5- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 430.4 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 4-amino- acid methyl ester 3,5-diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E8) 188 479.58 5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4- 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)- pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl 480.3 piperidin-4-ylamino]- ester dihydrochloride pyrazine-2-carboxylic (intermediate B14) and 3,5- acid methyl ester diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl- benzaldehyde (intermediate E9)

Example 189 2-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile Step 1: 4-(4-Cyano-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A solution of 2-chloro-isonicotinonitrile (2.00 g, 14.43 mmol, 1.0 equiv; commercially available) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3.18 g, 15.88 mmol, 1.1 equiv; commercially available) in DMAc (10 mL) was heated by microwave irradiation to 150° C. for 30 min. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the crude material purified with column chromatography on silica eluting with heptane/ethyl acetate (1:1) to yield 0.30 g (7%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.25-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.93-1.97 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.97-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.77 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H). MS (ISP): 303.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 2-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (Intermediate B15)

A solution of 4-(4-cyano-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.30 g, 1.00 mmol) in 4 M HCl in dioxane (15 mL) was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product used in the consecutive step without further purification assuming quantitative deprotection and formation of the dihydrochloride salt. MS (ISP): 203.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 2-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile

To a solution of 2-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (43.0 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B15) in ethanol (2 mL), acetic acid (54.1 mg, 0.9 mmol, 5.0 equiv) and triethylamine (36.4 mg, 0.36 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (36.1 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate E10) and the mixture stirred at 50° C. After 1 h, sodium cyanoborohydride (13.8 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1.2 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (0.5 mL), was added and the mixture stirred at 50° C. over night. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 1.8 mg (3%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 351.5 [M+H]⁺.

Example 190 2-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide

The title compound was isolated as a side-product in the synthesis of 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile (example 189) after purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water in a yield of 10.5 mg (16%). MS (ISP): 369.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 191 2-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile (example 189) from 2-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (intermediate B15) and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) in a yield of 3.8 mg (6%). MS (ISP): 371.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 192 2-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide

The title compound was isolated as a side-product in the synthesis of 2-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile (example 191) after purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water in a yield of 15.2 mg (22%). MS (ISP): 389.5 [M+]⁺.

Example 193 2-[1-(3,5-Diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile (example 189) from 2-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (intermediate B15) and 3,5-diisopropoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E4) in a yield of 3.6 mg (5%). MS (ISP): 409.5 [M+H]⁺.

Example 194 2-[1-(3,5-Diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide

The title compound was isolated as a side-product in the synthesis of 2-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile (example 193) after purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water in a yield of 11.4 mg (15%). MS (ISP): 427.5 [M+H]⁺.

Example 195 2-[1-(3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile (example 189) from 2-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinonitrile dihydrochloride (intermediate B15) and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) in a yield of 4.3 mg (6%). MS (ISP): 399.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 196 2-[1-(3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide

The title compound was isolated as a side-product in the synthesis of 2-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile (example 195) after purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water in a yield of 19.1 mg (26%). MS (ISP): 417.5 [M+H]⁺.

Example 197 6-[1-(4-Methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide

To a solution of 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (56.42 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B7) in ethanol (2 mL), acetic acid (72.1 mg, 1.2 mmol, 8.0 equiv) and N-ethyl diisopropylamine (77.6 mg, 0.6 mmol, 4.0 equiv) was added 4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzaldehyde (35.0 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.2 equiv; intermediate E11) and the mixture stirred at 55° C. After 1 h, sodium cyanoborohydride (47.1 mg, 0.75 mmol, 5.0 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (0.5 mL), was added and the mixture stirred at 55° C. over night. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue taken up in DMAc (0.5 ml). Potassium cyanide (30.0 mg, 0.47 mmol, 3.1 equiv) and a conc. solution of NH₄OH (1 mL) was added and the reaction mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 100° C. for 8 h. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 26.5 mg (38%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 468.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example 198 6-[1-(3-Isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide (example 197) from 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B7) and 3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) in a yield of 15.1 mg (21%). MS (ISP): 482.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example 199 6-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide (example 197) from 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B7) and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) in a yield of 13.1 mg (19%). MS (ISP): 458.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 200 6-[1-(3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide (example 197) from 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B7) and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) in a yield of 2.3 mg (3%). MS (ISP): 485.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 201 6-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid

To a solution of 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (56.42 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B7) in ethanol (2 mL), acetic acid (72.1 mg, 1.2 mmol, 8.0 equiv) and N-ethyl diisopropylamine (77.6 mg, 0.6 mmol, 4.0 equiv) was added 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (30.0 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.2 equiv; commercially available) and the mixture stirred at 55° C. After 1 h, sodium cyanoborohydride (47.1 mg, 0.75 mmol, 5.0 equiv), dissolved in ethanol (0.5 mL), was added and the mixture stirred at 55° C. over night. A solution of 10 M NaOH (0.5 mL) was added and the reaction mixture heated by microwave irradiation to 100° C. for 15 min. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 4.3 mg (7%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 440.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 202 6-[1-(3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid (example 201) from 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B7) and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (commercially available) in a yield of 15.3 mg (22%). MS (ISP): 454.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 203 6-[1-(4-Methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid (example 201) from 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B7) and 4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E11) in a yield of 16.4 mg (23%). MS (ISP): 468.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 204 6-[1-(3-Isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid (example 201) from 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B7) and 3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E12) in a yield of 9.0 mg (12%). MS (ISP): 482.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 205 5-[1-(4-Chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid amide

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide (example 197) from 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B14) and 4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E2) in a yield of 12.1 mg (21%). MS (ISP): 390.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 206 6-[1-(4-Chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-nicotinamide

To a mixture of 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid (65.09 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv; example 70) and 2-amino-ethanol (46.4 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.67 equiv; commercially available) in dry DMF (2.0 mL) and N-ethyl diisopropylamine (0.3 mL) was added HATU (68.44 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.2 quiv; commercially available) and the reaction stirred at 60° C. over night. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure and purification by preparative HPLC on reversed phase eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water provided 30.1 mg (42%) of the title compound. MS (ISP): 477.3 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 207 to 217

According to the procedure described for the synthesis of example 207 further nicotinamide derivatives have been synthesized from 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid (example 70) and the respective amine as indicated in Table 5. The results are compiled in Table 5 and comprise example 207 to example 217.

TABLE 5 ISP [M + H]⁺ No MW Compound Name Starting Materials found 207 487.04 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 487.4 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and N-cyclobutyl- cyclobutylamine (commercially nicotinamide available) 208 490.99 ({6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 491.5 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and pyridine-3-carbonyl}- amino-acetic acid (commercially amino)-acetic acid available) 209 491.03 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 491.3 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and N-(2-methoxy-ethyl)- 2-methoxy-ethylamine nicotinamide (commercially available) 210 503.04 {6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 503.3 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and pyridin-3-yl}- morpholine (commercially morpholin-4-yl- available) methanone 211 503.04 {6-[1-(4-Chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 503.3 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and pyridin-3-yl}-((R)-3- (R)-pyrrolidin-3-ol hydroxy-pyrrolidin-1- (commercially available) yl)-methanone 212 507.03 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 507.4 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and N-(2-hydroxy-1- 2-(2-hydroxy-ethylamino)- hydroxymethyl-ethyl)- ethanol (commercially available) nicotinamide 213 514.98 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 515.4 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and N-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 2,2,2-trifluoro-ethylamine ethyl)-nicotinamide (commercially available) 214 518.06 N-(2-acetylamino- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 518.5 ethyl)-6-[1-(4-chloro- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- 3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)- nicotinic acid (example 70) and piperidin-4-ylamino]- N-(2-amino-ethyl)-acetamide nicotinamide (commercially available) 215 544.10 1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 544.4 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and pyridine-3-carbonyl}- piperidine-4-carboxylic acid piperidine-4-carboxylic amide (commercially available) acid amide 216 544.10 1-(4-{6-[1-(4-chloro- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 544.4 3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and pyridine-3-carbonyl}- 1-piperazin-1-yl-ethanone piperazin-1-yl)- (commercially available) ethanone 217 545.08 1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 545.4 diethoxy-benzyl)- benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]- piperidin-4-ylamino]- nicotinic acid (example 70) and pyridine-3-carbonyl}- piperidine-4-carboxylic acid piperidine-4-carboxylic (commercially available) acid

Example 218 (3-Chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine Step 1: 2,6-Diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-carbaldehyde (Intermediate E22)

3,5-Diethoxy-4-iodo-benzaldehyde (14.05 g, 43.89 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate E13) was dissolved under Ar in toluene (180 mL) and water (20 mL) and treated successively with 4-fluorophenyl boronic acid (12.28 g, 87.78 mmol, 2.0 equiv), K₃PO₄ (50.12 g, 236.12 mmol, 5.38 equiv), tricyclohexylphosphine (2.80 g, 9.66 mmol, 0.22 equiv), and palladium(II) acetate (1.08 g, 4.83 mmol, 0.11 equiv). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 18 h under scrupulous exclusion of oxygen, when GC indicated the absence of starting iodo-compound. The reaction mixture was poured on crashed ice/NH₄Cl, extracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 mL) and the combined organic phases washed with a sat. solution of NaCl (2×100 mL) and water (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude material purified by silica column chromatography eluting with a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1). Recrystallization from hexane/ethyl acetate provided 10.44 g (83%) of the title compound as white crystals. MS (EI): 288.2 [M]⁺.

Step 2: (3-Chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile (example 38/step 3) from (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride (intermediate B13) and 2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-carbaldehyde (intermediate E22) in a yield of 8.9 mg (11%). MS (ISP): 534.5 [M+H]⁺.

Example 219 5-[1-(2,6-Diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile (example 38/step 3) from 5-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester dihydrochloride (intermediate B14) and 2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-carbaldehyde (intermediate E22) in a yield of 5.8 mg (7%). MS (ISP): 509.4 [M+H]⁺.

The pyridine piperidine intermediates B16 to B21 were prepared following literature precedents or as described below.

Synthesis of Pyridine Piperidine Intermediates B16 to B21 to be Used in Table 6

Intermediate B16 (5-Methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine

Step 1: 4-(5-Methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine (0.24 g, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv; prepared as described in EP 1298 116 A1 (Pfizer Products Inc., USA)) and 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.23 g, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in acetonitrile (6.0 mL) was added N-ethyl diisopropylamine (0.87 mL, 0.66 g, 5.0 mmol, 5.0 equiv) drop by drop at rt and the reaction mixture heated to reflux for 19 h. The reaction mixture was poured into crashed ice and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 0.25 g (70%) of the title compound as light brown oil. MS (ISP): 356.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: (5-Methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine

To a stirred solution of 4-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.00 g, 2.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in ethanol (18 mL) was added 4 M HCl in dioxane (3.52 mL, 14.1 mmol, 5.0 equiv) drop by drop and the reaction mixture stirred at 50° C. for 2 h. It was then cooled down to rt, poured into ice water and the pH adjusted to 9-10 by addition of a sat. solution of potassium carbonate. The solution was extracted six times with a mixture of dichloromethane/isopropanol (4:1). The combined organic layers were concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by crystallization from heptane to give 0.53 g (74%) of the title compound as colorless solid. MS (ISP): 256.2 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B17 2-Chloro-6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinic acid methyl ester

Step 1: 2-(1-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-ylamino)-6-chloro-isonicotinic acid methyl ester

A stirred suspension of 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (4.52 g, 21.9 mmol 1.0 equiv), 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (4.39 g, 21.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv), palladium(II) acetate (0.50 g, 2.2 mmol, 0.1 equiv) and rac-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (1.39 g, 2.2 mmol, 0.1 equiv) in toluene (150 mL) was treated at rt with caesium carbonate (9.39 g, 28.5 mmol, 1.3 equiv) and then warmed to 80° C. After 6 h, the reaction mixture was poured into crashed ice and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 5.40 g (67%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS (ISP): 370.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 2-Chloro-6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinic acid methyl ester

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the synthesis of (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine (intermediate B16/step 2) from 2-(1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-piperidin-4-ylamino)-6-chloro-isonicotinic acid methyl ester by cleavage of the BOC group with 4 M HCl in dioxane and ethanol at rt. MS (ISP): 270.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B18 [6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-acetonitrile

Step 1: 4-(5-Benzyloxy-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A stirred suspension of 5-benzyloxy-2-chloro-pyridine (12.4 g, 56.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv; prepared as described in WO 9728 128 A1 (Zeneca Ltd., UK)), 4-amino-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (11.31 g, 56.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv), palladium(II) acetate (0.51 g, 2.3 mmol, 0.04 equiv) and rac-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (1.44 g, 2.3 mmol, 0.04 equiv) in toluene (250 mL) was treated at rt with KOtert-Bu (6.71 g, 67.7 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and subsequently warmed to 70° C. After 7 h, the reaction mixture was poured into crashed ice and filtered over dicalite and extracted twice with toluene. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 18.73 g (87%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS (ISP): 384.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 4-(5-Hydroxy-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 4-(5-benzyloxy-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (18.2 g, 47.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in methanol (200 mL) was added 10% Pd on activated carbon (2.53 g, 2.38 mmol 0.05 equiv) under an atmosphere of Ar. The reaction vessel was twice evacuated and ventilated with hydrogen gas and the well stirred reaction mixture was subsequently hydrogenated at rt and 1 bar H₂ for 3 h. After filtration over dicalite the crude reaction mixture was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 10.50 g (75%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS (ISP): 294.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 4-(5-tert-Butoxycarbonyloxy-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a mechanically stirred suspension of 4-(5-hydroxy-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (9.86 g, 33.6 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and sodium bicarbonate (28.52 g, 33.6 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in a mixture of water and dioxane (1:1) (500 mL) at rt was added di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (37.43 g, 168 mmol, 5.0 equiv) in several small portions and the mixture stirred for 24 h. The heterogeneous reaction mixture was subsequently poured into cold water, carefully acidified with 25% HCl to adjust the pH to around 3 and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 13.64 g (100%) of the title compound as a light yellow solid. MS (ISP): 394.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4: 4-[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(5-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a well stirred suspension of 4-(5-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy-pyridin-2-ylamino)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (9.58 g, 24.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and N,N-dimethyl-pyridin-4-yl-amine (1.52 g, 12.2 mmol, 0.5 equiv) in acetonitrile (200 mL) at rt was added di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (23.86 g, 107 mmol, 4.4 equiv) in several small portions and stirring continued for 44 h. The reaction mixture was then poured into cold water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of heptane/ethyl acetate to give 6.17 g (51%) of the title compound as yellow solid. MS (ISP): 494.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5: 4-[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(5-hydroxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 4-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5-tert-butoxycarbonyloxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (6.75 g, 13.7 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in a mixture of THF/methanol (1:1) (100 mL) at 3° C. was added drop by drop a solution of 1 M LiOH (34.2 mL, 34.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv) and after the addition was completed the mixture warmed up to rt. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was poured into cold water and extracted three times with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 4.31 g (80%) of the title compound as orange foam. MS (ISP):=394.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 6: 4-[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(5-cyanomethoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a stirred solution of 4-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5-hydroxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.79 g, 2.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in acetonitrile (20 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.84 g, 6.0 mmol, 3.0 equiv), followed by bromoacetonitrile (0.21 mL, 0.37 g, 3.0 mmol, 1.5 equiv). After stirring at rt for 16 h, the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 0.93 g (100%) of the title compound as light brown oil. MS (ISP): 433.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 7: [6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-acetonitrile

To a stirred solution of 4-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5-cyanomethoxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.90 g, 2.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in dichloromethane (15 mL) was added 90% trifluoroacetic acid (1.69 mL, 2.37 g, 19 mmol, 9.0 equiv) drop by drop and the reaction mixture stirred at rt for 16 h. It was then poured into ice water and the pH adjusted to 9-10 by addition of a sat. solution of potassium carbonate. The solution was extracted three times with a mixture of dichloromethane/isopropanol (4:1). The combined organic layers were concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to give 0.15 g (30%) of the title compound as yellow oil. MS (ISP): 233.0 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B19 rac-3-[6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-propane-1,2-diol

Step 1: rac-4-{tert-Butoxycarbonyl-[5-(2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]amino}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a stirred solution of 4-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5-hydroxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (intermediate B18/step 5) (0.79 g, 2.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in DMF (20 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.62 g, 4.4 mmol, 2.2 equiv), followed by rac-toluene-4-sulfonic acid 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethyl ester (0.65 g, 2.2 mmol, 1.1 equiv; commercially available). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 16 h and then poured into ice water and extracted twice with ether. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 0.99 g (97%) of the title compound as light yellow oil. MS (ISP): 508.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: rac-3-[6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-propane-1,2-diol

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the procedure described for (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine (intermediate B16/step 2) from rac-4-{tert-butoxycarbonyl-[5-(2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-amino}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester by cleavage of both the BOC and the isopropylidene group with 4 M HCl in dioxane and ethanol at rt followed by ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose Fast Flow. MS (ISP): 268.2 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B20 3-[6-(Piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-propan-1-ol

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the procedure described for rac-4-{tert-butoxycarbonyl-[5-(2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-amino}-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (intermediate B19/step 1) from 4-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5-hydroxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (intermediate B18/step 5) by reaction with rac-2-(3-bromopropoxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran (commercially available) and potassium carbonate in DMF at rt, followed by BOC and THP cleavage with 4 M HCl in dioxane and ethanol at 70° C. in analogy to the synthesis of (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine (intermediate B16/step 2). MS (ISP): 252.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate B21 Methanesulfonic acid 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yl ester

Step 1: 4-[tert-Butoxycarbonyl-(5-methanesulfonyloxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a stirred solution of 4-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5-hydroxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.60 g, 1.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B18/step 5) and potassium carbonate (0.64 g, 4.6 mmol, 3.1 equiv) in DMF (15 mL) was added slowly methanesulfonyl chloride (0.18 mL, 0.27 g, 2.3 mmol, 1.5 equiv). After stirring at rt for 20 h, the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and extracted twice with diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 0.39 g (55%) of the title compound as light brown solid. MS (ISP): 472.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: Methanesulfonic acid 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yl ester

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the procedure described for (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine (intermediate B16/step 2) from 4-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-(5-methanesulfonyloxy-pyridin-2-yl)-amino]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester by cleavage of the BOC group with 4 M HCl in dioxane and ethanol at 70° C. MS (ISP): 272.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 220 [1-(3,5-Diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine

To a solution of (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine (0.12 g, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate B16) and 3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzaldehyde (0.11 g, 0.5 mmol, 1.0 equiv; intermediate E5) in ethanol (5 mL) under an atmosphere of Ar was added N-ethyl diisopropylamine (0.19 mL, 0.15 g, 1.2 mmol, 2.3 equiv) and glacial acetic acid (0.05 mL, 0.06 g, 1.0 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and the mixture heated to 50° C. for 2 h. After cooling down to 35° C., sodium cyanoborohydride (0.16 g, 2.5 mmol, 5.1 equiv) was added and the reaction mixture heated again to 50° C. for 1.5 h. It was then poured into crashed ice, the pH of the water phase adjusted to ˜10 by addition of a sat. solution of sodium carbonate and the mixture extracted twice with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 0.16 g (71%) of the title compound as colorless foam. MS (ISP): 452.1 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 221 to 231

According to the procedure described for the synthesis of example 220 further pyridine derivatives have been synthesized from (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine (intermediate B16), 2-chloro-6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (intermediate B17), [6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-acetonitrile (intermediate B18), rac-3-[6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-propane-1,2-diol (intermediate B19), 3-[6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-propan-1-ol (intermediate B20) and methanesulfonic acid 6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)-pyridin-3-yl ester (intermediate B21) and the respective benzaldehyde intermediates as indicated in Table 6. The results are compiled in Table 6 and comprise example 221 to example 231.

TABLE 6 ISP [M + H]⁺ No. MW Compound Name Starting Materials found 221 468.02 [1-(4-chloro-3,5- (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- 2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine 468.1 piperidin-4-yl]-(5- (intermediate B16) and 4- methanesulfonyl-pyridin- chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 2-yl)-amine benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 222 527.66 [1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′- (5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-biphenyl-4- 2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl-amine 528.2 ylmethyl)-piperidin-4- (intermediate B16) and 2,6- yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl- diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl- pyridin-2-yl)-amine 4-carbaldehyde (intermediate E22) 223 465.95 2-chloro-6-[1-(3,5- 2-chloro-6-(piperidin-4- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-4-fluoro- ylamino)-isonicotinic acid 466.2 benzyl)-piperidin-4- methyl ester (intermediate ylamino]-isonicotinic B17) and 3,5-diethoxy-4- acid methyl ester fluoro-benzaldehyde (intermediate E5) 224 482.41 2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro- 2-chloro-6-(piperidin-4- [M + H]⁺ 3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)- ylamino)-isonicotinic acid 482.2 piperidin-4-ylamino]- methyl ester (intermediate isonicotinic acid methyl B17) and 4-chloro-3,5- ester diethoxy-benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 225 542.05 2-chloro-6-[1-(2,6- 2-chloro-6-(piperidin-4- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-4′-fluoro- ylamino)-isonicotinic acid 542.2 biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)- methyl ester (intermediate piperidin-4-ylamino]- B17) and 2,6-diethoxy-4′- isonicotinic acid methyl fluoro-biphenyl-4- ester carbaldehyde (intermediate E22) 226 504.60 {6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′- [6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-biphenyl-4- pyridin-3-yloxy]-acetonitrile 505.3 ylmethyl)-piperidin-4- (intermediate B18) and 2,6- ylamino]-pyridin-3- diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl- yloxy}-acetonitrile 4-carbaldehyde (intermediate E22) 227 480.00 rac-3-{6-[1-(4-chloro- rac-3-[6-(piperidin-4- [M + H]⁺ 3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)- ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]- 480.1 piperidin-4-ylamino]- propane-1,2-diol pyridin-3-yloxy}- (intermediate B19) and 4- propane-1,2-diol chloro-3,5-diethoxy- benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 228 539.64 rac-3-{6-[1-(2,6- rac-3-[6-(piperidin-4- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-4′-fluoro- ylamino)-pyridin-3-yloxy]- 540.3 biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)- propane-1,2-diol piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B19) and 2,6- pyridin-3-yloxy}- diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl- propane-1,2-diol 4-carbaldehyde (intermediate E22) 229 523.65 3-{6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′- 3-[6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ fluoro-biphenyl-4- pyridin-3-yloxy]-propan-1-ol 524.2 ylmethyl)-piperidin-4- (intermediate B20) and 2,6- ylamino]-pyridin-3- diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl- yloxy}-propan-1-ol 4-carbaldehyde (intermediate E22) 230 464.00 3-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5- 3-[6-(piperidin-4-ylamino)- [M + H]⁺ diethoxy-benzyl)- pyridin-3-yloxy]-propan-1-ol 464.2 piperidin-4-ylamino]- (intermediate B20) and 4- pyridin-3-yloxy}-propan- chloro-3,5-diethoxy- 1-ol benzaldehyde (intermediate E6) 231 543.66 methanesulfonic acid 6- methanesulfonic acid 6- [M + H]⁺ [1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′- (piperidin-4-ylamino)- 544.3 fluoro-biphenyl-4- pyridin-3-yl ester ylmethyl)-piperidin-4- (intermediate B21) and 2,6- ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl- ester 4-carbaldehyde (intermediate E22)

Example 232 2-Chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid

To a stirred solution of 2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (0.17 g, 0.35 mmol, 1.0 equiv; example 224) in THF/methanol (2:1) (15 mL) was added a solution of 1 M LiOH (0.87 mL, 0.87 mmol. 2.5 equiv) drop by drop. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was poured into ice water, the pH of the water phase adjusted to 3-4 with diluted HCl and the mixture extracted twice with dichloromethane. The organic phases were washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a gradient of dichloromethane/methanol to give 0.12 g (73%) of the title compound as colorless solid. MS (ISP): 468.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 233 2-Chloro-6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid

The title compound was prepared in analogy to the procedure described for 2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid (example 232) from 2-chloro-6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid methyl ester (example 225) and obtained as colorless solid. MS (ISN): 526.1 [M−H]⁻.

Example A

Film coated tablets containing the following ingredients can be manufactured in a conventional manner:

Ingredients Per tablet Kernel: Compound of formula I 10.0 mg 200.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 23.5 mg 43.5 mg Lactose hydrous 60.0 mg 70.0 mg Povidone K30 12.5 mg 15.0 mg Sodium starch glycolate 12.5 mg 17.0 mg Magnesium stearate 1.5 mg 4.5 mg (Kernel Weight) 120.0 mg 350.0 mg Film Coat: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose 3.5 mg 7.0 mg Polyethylene glycol 6000 0.8 mg 1.6 mg Talc 1.3 mg 2.6 mg Iron oxide (yellow) 0.8 mg 1.6 mg Titanium dioxide 0.8 mg 1.6 mg

The active ingredient is sieved and mixed with microcristalline cellulose and the mixture is granulated with a solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone in water. The granulate is mixed with sodium starch glycolate and magnesium stearate and compressed to yield kernels of 120 or 350 mg respectively. The kernels are lacquered with an aqueous solution/suspension of the above mentioned film coat.

Example B

Capsules containing the following ingredients can be manufactured in a conventional manner:

Ingredients Per capsule Compound of formula I 25.0 mg Lactose 150.0 mg  Maize starch 20.0 mg Talc  5.0 mg The components are sieved and mixed and filled into capsules of size 2.

Example C

Injection solutions can have the following composition:

Compound of formula I 3.0 mg Gelatine 150.0 mg Phenol 4.7 mg Sodium carbonate to obtain a final pH of 7 Water for injection solutions ad 1.0 ml

Example D

Soft gelatin capsules containing the following ingredients can be manufactured in a conventional manner:

Capsule contents Compound of formula I 5.0 mg Yellow wax 8.0 mg Hydrogenated Soya bean oil 8.0 mg Partially hydrogenated plant oils 34.0 mg Soya bean oil 110.0 mg Weight of capsule contents 165.0 mg Gelatin capsule Gelatin 75.0 mg Glycerol 85% 32.0 mg Karion 83 8.0 mg (dry matter) Titanium dioxide 0.4 mg Iron oxide yellow 1.1 mg

The active ingredient is dissolved in a warm melting of the other ingredients and the mixture is filled into soft gelatin capsules of appropriate size. The filled soft gelatin capsules are treated according to the usual procedures.

Example E

Sachets containing the following ingredients can be manufactured in a conventional manner:

Compound of formula I 50.0 mg Lactose, fine powder 1015.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose (AVICEL PH 102) 1400.0 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 14.0 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 30 10.0 mg Magnesium stearate 10.0 mg Flavoring additives 1.0 mg

The active ingredient is mixed with lactose, microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and granulated with a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone in water. The granulate is mixed with magnesium stearate and the flavouring additives and filled into sachets.

It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments of the invention described above, as variations of the particular embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein A is —O— or —NH—; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkoxy and halogen; R² is selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₇-alkyl, C₂₋₇-alkenyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, and benzyl; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₂₋₇-alkenyloxy, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —O—C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —C(O)OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, amino, pyrrolyl, unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted by one to three groups independently selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and C₁₋₇-alkoxy; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, amino, nitro, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, and —O-benzyl; or R³ and R⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the carbon atoms they are attached to and R³ and R⁴ together are —O—C(CH₃)₂—CH═CH—; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₇-alkoxy; G is selected from the groups

wherein R⁷ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; R⁸ and R¹⁰ independently from each other are hydrogen or —NH—C(O)—R²⁵, wherein R²⁵ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1 and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; or R⁸ and R⁹ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the carbon atoms they are attached to and R⁸ and R⁹ together are —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—; R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and amino; R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, cyano-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹, wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —S(O)₂—R³³, wherein R³³ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —O—S(O)₂—R³⁴, wherein R³⁴ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, and —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy, carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, —COOR³⁵, wherein R³⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; R¹⁷ is carbamoyl or —COOR³², wherein R³² is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl; R¹⁹ is hydrogen or halogen; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl and halogen; R²¹, R²² and R²³ independently from each other are hydrogen or halogen; R²⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein A is O.
 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is hydrogen.
 4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₇-alkyl, C₂₋₇-alkenyl and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl.
 5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, allyl, 2-fluoroethyl, butyl and isobutyl.
 6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —C(O)OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, amino and pyrrolyl.
 7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkoxy and halogen.
 8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is halogen.
 9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy and C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy.
 10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁵ is hydrogen.
 11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein G is

and wherein R⁷ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; R⁸ and R¹⁰ independently from each other are hydrogen or —NH—C(O)—R²⁵, wherein R²⁵ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; and R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1 and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; or R⁸ and R⁹ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the carbon atoms they are attached to and R⁸ and R⁹ together are —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—.
 12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; and R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1 and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl.
 13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein G is

and wherein R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and amino; R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, cyano-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹, wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —S(O)₂—R³³, wherein R³³ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, —O—S(O)₂—R³⁴, wherein R³⁴ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, and —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy, carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, —COOR³⁵, wherein R³⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; and R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl.
 14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹², R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are hydrogen; and R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹, wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, and —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy, carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl.
 15. The compound according to claim 1, wherein G is

and wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; and R¹⁷ is carbamoyl or —COOR³², wherein R³² is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl.
 16. The compound according to claim 1, wherein G is

and wherein R¹⁹ is hydrogen or halogen; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl and halogen; and R²¹, R²² and R²³ independently from each other are hydrogen or halogen.
 17. The compound according to claim 1, wherein G is

and wherein R²⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl.
 18. The compound according to claim 1, having the formula

wherein A is —O— or —NH—; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkoxy and halogen; R² is selected from the group consisting of C₂₋₇-alkyl, C₂₋₇-alkenyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, and benzyl; R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₂₋₇-alkenyloxy, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —O—C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, —C(O)OR⁶, wherein R⁶ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, amino and pyrrolyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, amino, nitro, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkoxy, and —O-benzyl; or R³ and R⁴ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the carbon atoms they are attached to and R³ and R⁴ together are —O—C(CH₃)₂—CH═CH—; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and C₁₋₇-alkoxy; G is selected from the groups

wherein R⁷ and R¹¹ are hydrogen; R⁸ and R¹⁰ independently from each other are hydrogen or —NH—C(O)—R²⁵, wherein R²⁵ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, —C(O)OR²⁶, wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—S(O)₂—NH—R²⁷, wherein m is 0 or 1 and R²⁷ is selected from C₁₋₇-alkyl, unsubstituted heteroaryl and heteroaryl substituted by C₁₋₇-alkyl; and —NH—S(O)₂—R²⁸, wherein R²⁸ is C₁₋₇-alkyl; or or R⁸ and R⁹ are bonded to each other to form a ring together with the carbon atoms they are attached to and R⁸ and R⁹ together are —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—; R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen and amino; R¹³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, nitro, phenyl, tetrazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, —COOR²⁹, wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl, —CONHR³⁰, wherein R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl, carboxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O)—R³¹, wherein n is 1 or 2 and R³¹ is C₁₋₇-alkyl, and —CO-heterocyclyl, wherein heterocyclyl is a ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl, said ring being unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy, carboxy, carbamoyl and C₁₋₇-alkanoyl; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, halogen and halogen-C₁₋₇-alkyl; R¹⁶ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; R¹⁷ is carbamoyl or —COOR³², wherein R³² is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl; R¹⁹ is hydrogen or halogen; R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₇-alkyl, C₁₋₇-alkoxy, C₁₋₇-alkoxy-C₁₋₇-alkyl and halogen; R²¹, R²² and R²³ independently from each other are hydrogen or halogen; R²⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₇-alkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 19. The compound according to claim 1, selected from the group consisting of 4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile, 4-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile, N-{3-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-acetamide, N-{3-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-acetamide, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-ethyl-phenyl)-amine, C-{4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide, (2,2-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-226-benzo[c]thiophen-5-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, 4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzoic acid, 4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide, N-{4-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-phenyl}-methanesulfonamide, [5-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (7-chloro-4-methoxymethyl-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-fluoro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, (6-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid ethyl ester, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid methyl ester, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, (5-bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-methyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, N⁶-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-3-nitro-pyridine-2,6-diamine, 2-chloro-6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid methyl ester, 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-6-methyl-5-phenyl-nicotinonitrile, 2-chloro-6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-5-fluoro-nicotinonitrile, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methyl-[1,6]naphthyridin-2-yl)-amine, {2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-4-yl}-methanol, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid methyl ester, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-methyl-5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, N⁶-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-3-nitro-pyridine-2,6-diamine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-chloro-4-methoxymethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, 2-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-6-methyl-nicotinonitrile, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(6-fluoro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methyl-[1,6]naphthyridin-2-yl)-amine, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinonitrile, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-iodo-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-iodo-5-methoxymethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester, 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester, 6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid methyl ester, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, {1-[3-ethoxy-4-(1-ethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, 3-isopropoxy-5-[4-(quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-phenol, [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, 3-isopropoxy-5-[4-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-phenol, [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, (4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, 4-[4-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-ethoxy-phenol, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-{1-[3-ethoxy-4-(1-ethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-amine, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, 4-[4-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-2,6-diethoxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, (8-chloro-quinolin-2-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, isoquinolin-1-yl-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, 3-isopropoxy-5-[4-(isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-phenol, [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, 4-[4-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-ylamino)-piperidin-1-ylmethyl]-2-ethoxy-phenol, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(4-difluoromethoxy-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-isobutoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(3-allyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, [1-(3-butoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, [1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, [1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-amine, 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-{1-[3-(2-fluoro-ethoxy)-4-methoxy-benzyl]-piperidin-4-ylamino}-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(8-ethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(4-bromo-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(4-amino-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 5-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-pyrrol-1-yl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, 2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, 2-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, 2-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, 2-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, 2-[1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, 2-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinonitrile, 2-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(4-methoxy-3-propoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(3-isobutoxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-4-trifluoromethyl-nicotinic acid, 5-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid amide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-cyclobutyl-nicotinamide, ({6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-amino)-acetic acid, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-nicotinamide, {6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-morpholin-4-yl-methanone, {6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-((R)-3-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-methanone, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-ethyl)-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl)-nicotinamide, N-(2-acetylamino-ethyl)-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid amide, 1-(4-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperazin-1-yl)-ethanone, 1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 20. The compound according to claim 1, selected from the group consisting of: (3-chloro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine, 5-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, [1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-amine, 2-chloro-6-[1-(3,5-diethoxy-4-fluoro-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid methyl ester, 2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid methyl ester, 2-chloro-6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid methyl ester, {6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-acetonitrile, 3-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propane-1,2-diol, 3-{6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propane-1,2-diol, 3-{6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propan-1-ol, 3-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yloxy}-propan-1-ol, methanesulfonic acid 6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl ester, 2-chloro-6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid, 2-chloro-6-[1-(2,6-diethoxy-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-isonicotinic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 21. The compound according to claim 1, selected from the group consisting of: 4-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-benzonitrile, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinamide, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, 6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-nicotinic acid, [1-(3,5-diisopropoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-[5-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3-ethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-quinolin-2-yl-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-(4-methyl-quinolin-2-yl)-amine, [1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-isoquinolin-1-yl-amine, ({6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-amino)-acetic acid, {6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridin-3-yl}-morpholin-4-yl-methanone, 1-{6-[1-(4-chloro-3,5-diethoxy-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ylamino]-pyridine-3-carbonyl}-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 22. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or adjuvant. 